Wembley Stadium pricing study Essay -- essays research papers

Ticket Pricing Strategy for the new Wembley field1IntroductionOBJECTIVETo maximise profits from ticket sales at Wembley StadiumKEY ASSUMPTIONS1. Wembley has a monopoly on certain types of match 2. Wembley is run by profit maximising managers selling tickets to utility maximising buyersSTRATEGYSet prices for pose as close to the willingness to pay as possible using price discriminationKEY CHOICESWhat type of seating to sell and at what price?2ScopeThis strategy is limited to the following football matchesEngland home matches competitive and friendlyMajor loving cup semi-finals and finalLower league play-off finalsWembley has a monopoly on these matches due to Football Association (FA) policy2. Theory states that Wembley should charge as close to the willingness to pay of its customers as possible to maximise its profits1. The ability to do this depends on consider and the ability to price discriminate between market segments. 3Absolute Demand Absolute demand for tickets will be h igh due to several(prenominal) factorsFootball is Englands national sport Watching live matches is popularWembley Stadium is the home of football with a long and distinguished history in that respect is good evidence for assuming high demandThe last three competitive England home games were sold-out2Attendance figures for club matches be consistently high3 Recent cup finals at Cardiff Millennium Stadium were sold-out4Actual demand varies between market segments but can be found from market research, e.g. membership schemes and studying events at similar grounds. 4 grocery SegmentationThe table below shows the range of customers that buy tickets for football matches. Elasticity of demand is shown for each category and explained below Market SegmentsElasticity of DemandReason for Elasticity1&nbs... ...y for rugby union and leaguePop concerts outdoor arenas are alternatives with similar capacityThere are a wide range of substitutes available for these that affect willingness to pay . 11Other Event-Related Income Stadiums contain much more than just an arena to watch sport includingRefreshments and trade in Broadcasting rightsAdvertising Car parking Other events, e.g. conferencesIncome for the above would be approximately proportional to the number of people in the stadium. 12References 1.Cabral, Luis. Introduction to industrial Organization, MIT Press, 2000. 2.www.thefa.com 3.http//stats.football.co.uk/dom/ENG/PR/attend.html 4.http//stats.football.co.uk/dom/ENG/trn/ENGFAC_F.htmlF 5.www.wembleystadium.com6.www.millenniumstadium.com

The Power of the Photograph :: Personal Narrative

The Power of the PhotographOn the wall of my dorm style hangs a photograph that was taken at my paternal grandmothers house. Im on Grandmas lap, and my sister is on the floor. I appear to be about two or three years old. It is after supper, and Grandma is reading to me. This photograph is interesting to me because it reflects two points that Michelle Citron makes in her book, Home Movies. First, the person taking the picture is asserting control over the interpretation of the memory. Second, there are clues within the frame that signify what has actually been left field out of the frame. The item missing from this picture is my mother. My vex took the picture in order to show me wearing the moccasins my maternal grandfather had just bought for me when we visited him. My mother had remained there, slice we went on to visit grandmother. She rarely came with us to visit Grandma because they did not get along. Like her own mother, my mother could be moody, distant, and bad-tempered. Grandma, on the other hand, was approximately meddlesome, but affectionate, and over-indulgent with us kids. Consequently, they argued over how we should be treated. Grandma is pointing to the moccasins, which signify my mothers absence. In some ways, the photo is a conciliatory gesture my father is acknowledging his in-laws contribution to my happiness and well being. In another, less obvious way, it is an act of spite. Since my mother refused to be there, my father replaced her with his own mother in this happy family expectation he has created. Her absence is also highlighted by the presence of my sister, Rhonda, who was about nine or ten. When I was a baby, Rhonda and I were always in pictures together. Usually shes playing mommy and holding me on her lap. She was very protective of me and would not let me out of her sight. Taking the role of my guardian often got her in trouble, particularly when my mothers temper flared. Here, she looks silly and relaxed, more childlike tha n she does in other family pictures. Citron argues that since they are selective and often taken by men, station movies and family photographs assert a balance of power within the family and strive to promote the good memory of family parents in control, men in charge, families together (15).

Various Perspectives on War in Homers Iliad Essay example -- Iliad es

Various Perspectives on fight in Homers Iliad The Iliad is a story of rages of Achilles and the War of Troy. Thanks to the techniques of the author, Homer, The Iliad is very colorful, romantic, and it makes the readers imagine the antediluvian patriarch Greeks and their beats of war. Homer is believed to be the author of epics separate than the Iliad, although their authorship remains uncertain. Historian believes that Homer probably lived in the eighth century, B.C.1 (Discovering World History). However, there atomic number 18 very few things that we know about him. Some historians think Homers birthplace may have been on an island on the eastern edge of the Aegean Sea, or perhaps in a city on the nearby coast, but they dont have evidence to support their theory (Michalopoulos). In The Iliad, Homer interprets the war, the science of nature, the gods, heroes and fate. For each(prenominal) topics, he expresses the words so powerfully and emotionally that it mak es it easier to imagine the whole the great story of The Iliad. In the time when Homer lived, the war was something that existed in peoples routine life he must been an eyewitness of the war, and that experience made him able to tell the story so realistically, in particular the description of the soldiers who were killing each otherwise in the war. Even though Homer may be seen as an antiwar storyteller based on his magnificent description of violence and injury. He, on the other hand describes the both braveness and cowardliness of two heroes of The Iliad, Achilles and Hector Homer shows this seems to be a pro-war position, as he idealizes the traces of bravely and heroism. The emotion of all the characters in the story, as well as the characters suffering, pain, joy, and fury m... ...nd Hector, Homer seems to symbolize the fall of both cities. After 10 years of war, there was no true winner. Thus, the futility of war was the pass along of Homer. Sources -D iscovering World History Homer Composes the Iliad, c. 800 B.C.. Gale Research, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich. Gale Group. http//www.galenet.com/servlet/HistRC/ -Michalopoulos, Andre, Homer, In Twaynes World Authors Series Online brisk York G. K. Hall & Co., 1999 Previously published in print in 1966 by Twayne Publishers. -Homer, The Iliad, translated by Robert Fitzgerald. - Moss Joyce and George Wilson, edited by, Gale Research, Profiles of 300 Notable Literary Works and the Historical Events that Influenced Them, volume 1 Ancient Times to the American and French Revolutions (Prehistory-1790s), 1997. Various Perspectives on War in Homers Iliad Essay example -- Iliad esVarious Perspectives on War in Homers Iliad The Iliad is a story of rages of Achilles and the War of Troy. Thanks to the techniques of the author, Homer, The Iliad is very colorful, romantic, and it makes the readers imagine the ancient Greeks and their times of war. Homer is believed to be the author of epics other than the Iliad, although their authorship remains uncertain. Historian believes that Homer probably lived in the eighth century, B.C.1 (Discovering World History). However, there are very few things that we know about him. Some historians think Homers birthplace may have been on an island on the eastern edge of the Aegean Sea, or perhaps in a city on the nearby coast, but they dont have evidence to support their theory (Michalopoulos). In The Iliad, Homer interprets the war, the science of nature, the gods, heroes and fate. For all topics, he expresses the words so powerfully and emotionally that it makes it easier to imagine the whole the great story of The Iliad. In the time when Homer lived, the war was something that existed in peoples everyday life he must been an eyewitness of the war, and that experience made him able to tell the story so realistically, especially the description of the soldi ers who were killing each other in the war. Even though Homer may be seen as an antiwar storyteller based on his vivid description of violence and injury. He, on the other hand describes the both braveness and cowardliness of two heroes of The Iliad, Achilles and Hector Homer shows this seems to be a pro-war position, as he idealizes the traces of bravely and heroism. The emotion of all the characters in the story, as well as the characters suffering, pain, joy, and fury m... ...nd Hector, Homer seems to symbolize the fall of both cities. After 10 years of war, there was no true winner. Thus, the futility of war was the message of Homer. Sources -Discovering World History Homer Composes the Iliad, c. 800 B.C.. Gale Research, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich. Gale Group. http//www.galenet.com/servlet/HistRC/ -Michalopoulos, Andre, Homer, In Twaynes World Authors Series Online New York G. K. Hall & Co., 1999 Previously published in print in 1966 by Twayne Publishers. -Homer, The Iliad, translated by Robert Fitzgerald. - Moss Joyce and George Wilson, edited by, Gale Research, Profiles of 300 Notable Literary Works and the Historical Events that Influenced Them, Volume 1 Ancient Times to the American and French Revolutions (Prehistory-1790s), 1997.

The Treaty of Versailles :: World War I History

The Treaty of VersaillesDespite Woodrow Wilsons plan for peace near the end of World struggle I, he failed to collide with Congressional support for the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles was intended to be a peace agreement between the Allies and the Germans. However, once the negotiation of the Treaty, the Allies frame they had conflicting ideas and motives surrounding the reparations and wording of the Treaty. The Treaty formally placed the responsibility for the war on Germ some(prenominal) and its allies and imposed on Germ either the burden of paying the debts of war. In addition to foreign opposition, Wilson couldnt even gain support for the treaty in the United States. Because of flunkes in the treaty, domestic opposition, and failure to compromise, the treaty gained very little congressional support. The Treaty of Versailles was very controversial. Some countries opposed the treaty due to multiple weaknesses. For example, the Treaty humiliated Germany. The wa r-guilt clause forces Germany to accept sole responsibility for World War I. And although German militarism had played a major role in igniting the war, other countries in Europe had been guilty of provoking diplomatic crises before the war. Another weakness in the Treaty was that Russian government felt that the Treaty ignored its needs. In the Treaty, Russia was excluded from the peace conference, even though Russians had fought with the Allies for three year, and suffered higher casualties than any other country. There was also much dispute concerning the distribution of territory in the Treaty. The Treaty of Versailles established nine new countries, and changed many boundaries, and there was see about the fairness. There was also much opposition to the treaty in the United States, which is what Woodrow Wilson faces when he returned with the treaty. Some people, including Herbert Hoover, believed it was too harsh. Others didnt think the treaty really did any good because it shi fted the set of colonial rulers to another set, instead of eliminating the imperialism. Also, some minorities objected to the treaty because the new boundaries it established for some countries didnt satisfy their demands for independence. For example, Wilson hadnt tried to obtain Irelands independence from swell Britain. Most of all, the opposition to the treaty in the United States was the debate over the League of Nations. A few opponents believed that the League of Nations threatened the U.S. foreign policy of staying effloresce of European affairs, the Monroe Doctrine.

Changing Oil in Your Car Essay -- Process Descriptive How To Changing

Changing Oil in Your CarWhen the average persons simple machine directs an rock oil change we drive to a Quick Lube and construct it done in 20 minutes. Another alternative would be to change the oil your self, this is a fairly simple process, most people with some common sense and some basic hand tools can do it at home on a weekend.The first step is finding out how much oil your car holds and what kind of oil filter fits on your cars engine. Your cars owners manual will defecate a capacity section in the back, down the list till you come to the engine oil capacity, and the chart will list the number of quarts that your car needs. Also on most new cars when you can look on the oil cap it should state the oil weight which is recommended by the cars manufacturer. Then you need to go to the local fall ins house (I prefer Advance or Orileys) get the brand of oil that you prefer in the recommended weight, and quantity. When you pay, you can get the part number for the oil filter, a ll you have to know is the make of the car and the beat back size and they should be able to find the information and then severalise you which filter belongs on the car. Remember to get an oil filter wrench to remove the filter of with if dont already have one. Next, go home and find a level spot on which to park your vehicle. Before you jack up the front of the vehicle, you need to set the emergency brake and chock the rear wheels this is adept a safety measure to keep the car form rolling back. Once you have completed this, you need to refer to the owners manual again for the recommended squeeze points for the car. You are not able to just put a jack underneath a car and lift it up because you will risk change the under body. There are certain places to put the jack to properly ... ...place it in the fill hole (it is located on one of the valve cover of the motor and it has a cap) and add the recommended amount of oil. After you have added oil, replace the cap. Now you are ready to start the motor. When you first start it, there will be no oil pressure so dont be alarmed but watch the gauge, and in about ten to thirty seconds the oil pressure should be up in the normal range. With the engine running, look underneath the vehicle and check the plug and filter to make sure there are no leaks. If there are no leaks, shut the vehicle off and check the oil level on the dip stick and make sure it is amid the low and full mark. If the oil is a little low, add a little more at a time, and keep rechecking it until the oil level is full. When you have completed this you are done. This is a fairly simple process and can save you a lot of money over time.

Changing Oil in Your Car Essay -- Process Descriptive How To Changing

Changing Oil in Your CarWhen the average persons car needs an oil color change we perplex to a Quick Lube and have it done in 20 minutes. Another alternative would be to change the oil your self, this is a fairly unprejudiced process, most people with some common sense and some basic hand tools can do it at home on a weekend.The eldest step is finding out how much oil your car holds and what kind of oil filter fits on your cars engine. Your cars owners manual will have a electrical capacity section in the back, down the list till you come to the engine oil capacity, and the chart will list the number of quarts that your car needs. Also on most new cars when you can look on the oil cap it should state the oil weight which is recommended by the cars manufacturer. Then you need to go to the local anaesthetic parts house (I prefer Advance or Orileys) get the brand of oil that you prefer in the recommended weight, and quantity. When you pay, you can get the part number for the oil filter, all you have to know is the make of the car and the motor size and they should be able to find the information and then tell you which filter belongs on the car. Remember to get an oil filter wrench to remove the filter of with if dont already have one. Next, go home and find a level cut on which to park your vehicle. Before you jack up the front of the vehicle, you need to set the emergency brake and chock the rear wheels this is just a base hit measure to keep the car form rolling back. Once you have completed this, you need to refer to the owners manual again for the recommended lift points for the car. You atomic number 18 not able to just put a jack underneath a car and lift it up because you will risk damaging the under body. in that location are certain places to put the jack to properly ... ...place it in the fill hole (it is located on one of the valve cover of the motor and it has a cap) and kick in the recommended amount of oil. After you have added oil, re place the cap. Now you are ready to start the motor. When you first start it, there will be no oil pressure so dont be alarmed but watch the gauge, and in about ten to thirty seconds the oil pressure should be up in the normal range. With the engine running, look underneath the vehicle and check the plug and filter to make sure there are no leaks. If there are no leaks, shut the vehicle off and check the oil level on the dip stick and make sure it is between the low and across-the-board mark. If the oil is a little low, add a little more at a time, and keep rechecking it until the oil level is full. When you have completed this you are done. This is a fairly simple process and can save you a lot of money over time.

A summary of Amazon’s business Essay

Ive handlingd virago in my books for over 10 years now since many companies, from startups and sm on the whole businesses to abundant planetary businesses, bottomland learn from their focus on the node and the approach of utilise engineering and analysis to improve results. It consistently outperforms former(a) companies in its ACSI customer triumph rating in addition. I aim to keep the case study up-to- get a line for readers of the books and Smart Insights readers who may be interested. In it we look at viragos background, revenue model and sources for the latest business results. I recommend any peerless studying virago checks the latest virago revenue and business strategies from their SEC filings / Investor relations.The yearbook filings to pull a great summary of eBay business and revenue models. A good summary of the latest business model initiatives is avail fitting in this amazon annual report summary for 2011. For Q4, 2010 North America segment gross revenue, rep resenting the attach tos U.S. and Canadian sites, were $7.21 billion, up 45% from fourth quarter 2009. International segment sales, representing the Companys U.K., German, Japanese, French, Chinese and newfound Italian sites, were $5.74 billion, up 26% from fourth quarter 2009. Excluding the unfavorable come to from year-over-year converts in foreign exchange rates passim the quarter, sales grew 29%. Amazon has come a long way since it launched in 1995Fromand its officesto its current Seattle headquartersAmazon performs exceptionally expeditiously legal professiond against revenue per visitor, which is one of the key musical rhythms for any commercial website, whether its a media site, search engine, social network or a transactional seller or offers travel or financial serve. Of course profit per user would be quite different due to the evidentiaryly lower costs of other .coms similar Facebook and Google.Note SEC is the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) which is a government agency for which companies gift to submit an open evaluation oftheir business models and martplace conditions. Further Amazon case informationThis case study created by FaberNovel Amazon.com The Hidden Empire one of five Most Favorited slideshows and one of the five Most Popular engine room Presentations of 2011. Recommended Amazon Case Study Con textbookWhy a case study on Amazon? Surely everyone knows about who Amazon atomic number 18 and what they do? Yes, well thats maybe true, tho this case goes beyond the surface tore beguile some(prenominal) of the insider secrets of Amazons success. Like eBay, Amazon.com was born in 1995. The chassis reflected the vision of Jeff Bezos, to produce a large scale phenomenon like the Amazon river. This ambition has proved honourableified since just 8 years later, Amazon passed the $5 billion sales mark it took Wal-Mart 20 years to achieve this.By 2008 Amazon was a global brand with other 76 million brisk customers accounts a nd order fulfillment to more(prenominal) than 200 countries. Despite this volume of sales, at December 31, 2007 Amazon employed approximately 17,000 full-time and part-time employees. In kinfolk 2007, it launched Amazon MP3, a la carte DRM- unornamented people MP3 music downloads, which now includes over 3.1 million songs from more than 270,000 artists.Amazon Vision & strategyIn their 2008 SEC filing, Amazon describe the vision of their business as to Relentless(prenominal)ly focus on customer go by offering our customers low prices, convenience, and a considerable woof of merchandise. The vision is still to offer Earths biggest selection and to be Earths just about customer-centric company. Consider how these core marketing messages summarising the Amazon online regard as proposition atomic number 18 communicated both on-site and with offline communications. Of course, achieving customer loyalty and repeat purchases has been key to Amazons success. Many dot-coms failed bec ause they succeeded in achieving awareness, besides non loyalty. Amazon achieved both. In their SEC filing they stress how they seek to achieve this. They say We work to earn repeat purchases by providing easy-to-use functionality, fast and reliable fulfillment, seasonably customer service, feature rich content, and a trusted transaction environment.Key features of our websites include editorial and customer reviewsmanufacturer ware information Web pages clean-cut to individual preferences, much(prenominal) as recommendations and notifications 1-Click technology secure relentment corpses image uploads searching on our websites as well as the Internet browsing and the aptitude to view selected interior pages and citations, and search the entire contents of many of the books we offer with our waitress Inside the Book and Search Inside the Book features. Our community of online customers excessively creates feature-rich content, including output reviews, online recommendati on lists, wish lists, buying guides, and wedding and baby registries.In practice, as is the practice for many online retailers, the lowest prices are for the most popular products, with less popular products commanding higher prices and a greater margin for Amazon. Free shipping offers are used to gain ground incrrestraint in basket surface since customers have to spend over a certain amount to receive free shipping. The level at which free-shipping is set is critical to profitability and Amazon has changed it as competition has changed and for promotional reasons. Amazon communicate the fulfillment promise in some(prenominal) ways including presentation of latest inventory availability information, delivery date estimates, and options for expedited delivery, as well as delivery shipment notifications and update facilities.This focus on customer has translated to excellence in service with the 2004 American Customer gladness Index giving Amazon.com a score of 88 which was at th e time, the highest customer satisfaction score ever recorded in any service industry, online or offline. Round (2004) notes that Amazon focuses on customer satisfaction metrics. Each site is closely monitored with standard service availability monitoring (for example, using Keynote or Mercury Interactive) site availability and download speed.Interestingly it besides monitors per minute site revenue upper/lower bounds Round describes an alarm system rather like a power plant where if revenue on a site falls below $10,000 per minute, alarms go off There are also internal carrying into action service-level-agreements for web services where T% of the time, different pages must return in X seconds. 2011 update on vision and immensity of technologyAccording to founder and CEO, Jeff Bezos, technology is very meaning(a) to supporting this focus on the customer. In their 2010 Annual Report (Amazon,2011) he state Look inside a current textbook on software architecture, and youll find fe w patterns that we dont apply at Amazon. We use high-performance legal proceeding systems, complex rendering and object caching, workflow and queuing systems, business intelligence and data analytics, machine learning and pattern recognition, neural networks and probabilistic decision making, and a wide variety of other techniques.And while many of our systems are based on the latest in computer science research, this often hasnt been sufficient our architects and engineers have had to advance research in directions that no academic had yet taken.Many of the problems we face have no textbook solutions, and so we happily invent new approaches All the effort we put into technology might not matter that such(prenominal) if we kept technology off to the side in some miscellany of R&D department, scarcely we dont take that approach. Technology infuses all of our teams, all of our appendagees, our decision-making, and our approach to innovation in each of our businesses. It is deep ly integrated into everything we do. The quote shows how applying new technologies is used to give Amazon a competitive edge.A good recent example of this is providing the infrastructure to deliver the brand Whispersync update to ebook readers. Amazon reported in 2011 that Amazon.com is now selling more Kindle books than paperback books. For every 100 paperback books Amazon has change, the Company sold 115 Kindle books. Kindle apps are now available on Apple iOS, Android devices and on PCs as part of a Buy Once, film Anywhere proposition which Amazon has essential.Amazon CustomersAmazon defines what it refers to as three consumer sets customers, seller customers and developer customers. There are over 76 million customer accounts, but just 1.3 million active seller customers in its marketplaces and Amazon is seeking to increase this. Amazon is unusual for a retailer in that it identifies developer customers who use its Amazon Web Services, which provides access to technology in frastructure such as hosting that developers can use to develop their own web services. Members are also advance to join a loyalty programme, Amazon anthesis, a fee-based membership program in which members receive free or discounted express shipping, in the fall in States, the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan.CompetitionIn its SEC (2005) filing Amazon describes the environment for our products and services as intensely competitive. It views its main current and potential competitors as 1) physical-world retailers, compile retailers, publishers, vendors, distributors and manufacturers of our products, many of which possess significant brand awareness, sales volume, and customer bases, and some of which currently sell, or may sell, products or services through the Internet, mail order, or direct marketing (2)Other online E-commerce sites(3) A number of indirect competitors, including media companies, Web portals, comparison shopping websites, and Web search engines, each direc tly or in collaboration with other retailers and (4) Companies that provide e-commerce services, including website development third-party fulfillment and customer-service. It believes the main competitive factors in its market segments include selection, price, availability, convenience, information, discovery, brand recognition, personalized services, accessibility, customer service, reliability, speed of fulfillment, ease of use, and ability to adapt to changing conditions, as well as our customers overall experience and trust in transactions with us and facilitated by us on behalf of third-party sellers. For services offered to business and individual sellers, additional competitive factors include the quality of our services and tools, their ability to generate sales for third parties we serve, and the speed of performance for our services.From Auctions to marketplacesAmazon auctions (known as zShops) were launched in March 1999, in large part as a response to the success of eB ay. They were stird heavily from the alkali page, category pages and individual product pages. Despite this, a year after its launch it had only achieved a 3.2% share of the online auction compared to 58% for eBay and it only declined from this point. Today, competitive prices of products are available through third-party sellers in the Amazon Marketplace which are integrated within the standard product listings.The strategy to offer such an auction facility was initially operate by the need to compete with eBay, but now the strategy has been adjusted such that Amazon describe it as part of the approach of low-pricing. Although it might be thought that Amazon would lose out onenabling its merchants to sell products at lower prices, in fact Amazon makes greater margin on these sales since merchants are charged a commission on each sale and it is the merchant who bears the cost of storing inventory and fulfilling the product to customers. As with eBay, Amazon is just facilitating t he exchange of bits and bytes between buyers and sellers without the need to distribute physical products.Amazon Media salesYou may have noticed that unconnected some retailers, Amazon displays relevant Google text ads and banner ads from brands. This seems in conflict with the strategy of focus on experience since it leads to a more cluttered store. However in 2011 Amazon revealed that worldwide media sales accounted for approximately 17% of revenue Amazon marketingAmazon does not reveal much about its marketing approach in its annual reports, but there seems to be a focus on online marketing channels. Amazon (2011) states we direct customers to our websites primarily through a number of targeted online marketing channels, such as our Associates program, sponsored search, portal advertisement, email marketing campaigns, and other initiatives. These other initiatives may include outdoor and TV advertising, but they are not mentioned specifically. In this statement they also highli ght the importance of customer loyalty tools. They say while costs associated with free shipping are not included in marketing expense, we view free shipping offers and Amazon Prime as effective worldwide marketing tools, and intend to continue offering them indefinitely.How The Culture of metrics startedA common theme in Amazons development is the drive to use a measured approach to all aspects of the business, beyond the finance. Marcus (2004) describes an occasion at a corporate boot-camp in January 1997 when Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos saw the light. At Amazon, we will have a Culture of poetic rhythm, he said while addressing his senior staff. He went on to explain how web-based business gave Amazon an amazing window into human behaviour. Marcus says Gone were the fuzzy approximations of focus groups, the anecdotical fudging and smoke blowing from the marketing department. A companylike Amazon could (and did) record every move a visitor made, every last click and press of the mouse . As the data piled up into virtual heaps, hummocks and mountain ranges, you could draw all sorts of conclusions about their chimerical nature, the consumer. In this sense, Amazon was not merely a store, but an immense repository of facts.All we needed were the right equations to plug into them. James Marcus then goes on to give a fascinating insight into a geological fault group discussion of how Amazon could better use measures to improve its performance. Marcus was in the Bezos group, brainstorming customer-centric metrics. Marcus (2004) summarises the dialogue, led by Bezos First, we figure out which things wed like to measure on the site, he said. For example, lets say we want a metric for customer enjoyment. How could we calculate that? There was silence. Then somebody ventured How much time each customer spends on the site? Not specific enough, Jeff said.How about the average number of minutes each customer spends on the site per session someone else suggested. If that goes up, theyre having a blast. But how do we factor in purchase? I Marcus said feeling noble of myself. Is that a measure of enjoyment?I think we need to consider frequency of visits, too, said a dark-haired woman I didnt recognise. Lot of folks are still accessing the web with those creepy-crawly modems. Four short visits from them might be just as good as one visit from a guy with a T-1. Maybe better. Good point, Jeff said. And anyway, enjoyment is just the start. In the end, we should be measuring customer tennerIt is interesting that Amazon was having this debate in about the elements of RFM analysis (described in Chapter 6 of Internet Marketing), 1997, after already having achieved $16 million of revenue in the previous year. Of course, this is a miniscule amount compared with todays billions of dollar turnover. The important point was that this was the start of a focus on metrics which can be seen through the description of Matt Pounds work later in this case study. From human t o software-based recommendationsAmazon has developed internal tools to support this Culture of Metrics.Marcus (2004) describes how the Creator Metrics tool shows content creators how well their product listings and product copy are working. For each content editor such as Marcus, it retrieves all recently posted documents including articles, interviews, booklists and features. For each one it then gives a conversion rate to sale plus the number of page views, adds (added to basket) and repels (content requested, but the back acquittance then used). In time, the work of editorial reviewers such as Marcus was marginalised since Amazon found that the majority of visitors used the search tools rather than read editorial and they responded to the individualise recommendations as the matching technology improved (Marcus likens early recommendations techniques to going shopping with the village idiot).Experimentation and testing at AmazonThe Culture of Metrics also led to a test-goaded a pproach to improving results at Amazon. Matt Round, speaking at E-metrics 2004 when he was director of personalisation at Amazon describes the philosophy as Data Trumps Intuitions. He explained how Amazon used to have a lot of arguments about which content and promotion should go on the all important house page or category pages. He described how every category VP wanted top-center and how the Friday meetings about placements for next week were getting too long, too loud, and lacked performance data. But today automation replaces intuitions and real-time experimentation tests are always run to answer these questions since actual consumer behaviour is the best way to conciliate upon tactics. Marcus (2004) also notes that Amazon has a farming of experiments of which A/B tests are key components.Examples where A/B tests are used include new main office page design, moving features around the page, different algorithms for recommendations, changing search relevance rankings. These i nvolve testing a new treatment against a previous work for a limited time of a few days or a week. The system will randomly show one or more treatments to visitors and measure a range of parameters such as units sold and revenue by category (and total), session time, session length, etc. The new features will commonly be launched if the desired metrics are statistically significantly better.Statistical tests are a challenge though as distributions are not chemical formula (they have a large mass at zero for example of no purchase) There are other challenges since multipleA/B tests are running every day and A/B tests may overlap and so conflict. There are also longer-term effects where some features are undisturbed for the first two weeks and the opposite effect where changing navigation may degrade performance temporarily. Amazon also finds that as its users evolve in their online experience the way they act online has changed. This means that Amazon has to constantly test and e volve its features.Amazon.com TechnologyIt follows that the Amazon technology infrastructure must readily support this culture of experimentation and this can be difficult to achieved with standardised content management. Amazon has achieved its competitive advantage through developing its technology internally and with a significant investment in this which may not be available to other organisations without the right focus on the online channels. As Amazon explains in SEC (2005) using primarily our own proprietary technologies, as well as technology licensed from third parties, we have implemented numerous features and functionality that simplify and improve the customer shopping experience, enable third parties to sell on our platform, and facilitate our fulfillment and customer service operations.Our current strategy is to focus our development efforts on nonstop innovation by creating and enhancing the specialized, proprietary software that is unique to our business, and to li cense or acquire commercially-developed technology for other applications where available and appropriate. We continually invest in several areas of technology, including our seller platform A9.com, our wholly-owned subsidiary focused on search technology on www.A9.com and other Amazon sites web services and digital initiatives. Round (2004) describes the technology approach as distributed development and deployment. Pages such as the home page have a number of content pods or slots which call web services for features. This makes it relatively easy to change the content in these pods and even change the location of the pods on-screen.Amazon uses a flowable or fluid page design unlike many sites which enables it to make the most of real-estate on-screen. Technology also supports more standard e-retail facilities. SEC (2005) states We use a set of applications for accepting and validating customer orders, placing and track orders with suppliers, managing and assigning inventory to c ustomerorders, and ensuring proper shipment of products to customers.Our transaction-processing systems handle millions of items, a number of different status inquiries, multiple shipping addresses, gift-wrapping requests, and multiple shipment methods. These systems discontinue the customer to choose whether to receive single or several shipments based on availability and to track the progress of each order. These applications also manage the process of accepting, authorizing, and charging customer credit cards.Data Driven AutomationRound (2004) said that Data is king at Amazon. He gave many examples of data driven automation including customer channel preferences managing the way content is displayed to different user types such as new releases and top-sellers, merchandising and recommendation (showing related products and promotions) and also advertising through paid search (automatic ad generation and bidding). The automatize search advertising and bidding system for paid sear ch has had a big impact at Amazon. Sponsored link up initially done by humans, but this was unsustainable due to range of products at Amazon. The automated programme generates keywords, writes ad creative, determines best landing page, manages bids, measure conversion rates, profit per converted visitor and updates bids.Again the problem of volume is there, Matt Round described how the book How to Make Love Like a Porn Star by Jenna Jameson received tens of thousands of clicks from pornography-related searches, but few actually purchased the book. So the update cycle must be quick to avoid large losses. There is also an automated email measurement and optimization system.The campaign calendar used to be manually managed with relatively weak measurement and it was high-priced to schedule and use. A new system Automatically optimizes content to improve customer experience Avoids sending an e-mail campaign that has low clickthrough or high unsubscribe rate Includes inbox management ( avoid sending multiple emails/week) Has growing library of automated email programs covering new releases and recommendations But there are challenges if promotions are too successful if inventory isnt available.Your RecommendationsCustomers Who Bought X, also bought Y is Amazons signature feature. Round(2004) describes how Amazon relies on acquiring and then crunching a massive amount of data. Every purchase, every page viewed and every search is recorded. So there are now to new version, customers who shopped for X also shopped for and Customers who searched for X also bought They also have a system codenamed Goldbox which is a cross-sell and awareness raising tool.Items are discounted to encourage purchases in new categories I have a more detailed article on Amazon personalisation / recommendation system He also describes the challenge of techniques for sifting patterns from noise (sensitivity filtering) and clothing and toy catalogues change frequently so recommendations become out of date. The main challenges though are the massive data size arising from millions of customers, millions of items and recommendations made in real time.Amazon partnership strategyAs Amazon grew, its share price growth enabled partnership or acquisition with a range of companies in different sectors. Marcus (2004) describes how Amazon partnered with Drugstore.com (pharmacy), Living.com (furniture), Pets.com (pet supplies), Wineshopper.com (wines), HomeGrocer.com (groceries), Sothebys.com (auctions) and Kozmo.com (urban home delivery). In most cases, Amazon purchased an equity stake in these partners, so that it would share in their prosperity. It also charged them fees for placements on the Amazon site to promote and drive traffic to their sites. Similarly, Amazon charged publishers for prime-position to promote books on its site which caused an initial hue-and-cry, but this abated when it was realised that paying for prominent placements was widespread in conventional bookse llers and supermarkets.Many of these new online companies failed in 1999 and 2000, but Amazon had covered the potential for growth and was not pulled down by these partners, even though for some such as Pets.com it had an investment of 50%. Analysts sometimes refer to Amazoning a sector meaning that one company becomes dominant in an online sector such as book retail such that it becomes very difficult for others to achieve market share. In addition to developing, communicating and delivering a very strong proposition, Amazon has been able to consolidate its strength in different sectors through its partnership arrangements and through using technology to facilitate product promotion and distribution via these partnerships. The Amazon retail platform enables other retailers to sell products online usingthe Amazon user interface and infrastructure through their Syndicated Stores programme.For example, in the UK, Waterstones (www.waterstones.co.uk) is one of the largest traditional bo okstores. It found competition with online so expensive and challenging, that eventually it entered a partnership arrangement where Amazon markets and distributes its books online in return for a commission online. Similarly, in the US, Borders a large book retailer uses the Amazon merchant platform for distributing its products. Toy retailer Toys R Us have a similar arrangement. Such partnerships help Amazon extends its reach into the customer-base of other suppliers, and of course, customers who buy in one category such as books can be encouraged to purchase into other areas such as clothing or electronics. Another form of partnership referred to above is the Amazon Marketplace which enables Amazon customers and other retailers to sell their new and used books and other goods alongside the regular retail listings.A similar partnership approach is the Amazon Merchants program which enables third party merchants (typically larger than those who sell via the Amazon Marketplace) to se ll their products via Amazon. Amazon earn fees either through fixed fees or sales commissions per-unit. This arrangement can help customers who get a wider choice of products from a range of suppliers with the convenience of purchasing them through a single checkout process. Finally, Amazon has also facilitated formation of partnerships with smaller companies through its affiliates programme. Internet legend records that Jeff Bezos, the creator of Amazon was chatting to someone at a cocktail party who wanted to sell books about divorce via her web site.Subsequently, Amazon.com launched its Associates Program in July 1996 and it is still going strong. Googling http//www.google.com/search?q=www.amazon.com+-site%3Awww.amazon.com for sites that link to the US site, shows over 4 million pages, many of which will be affiliates. Amazon does not use an affiliate network which would take commissions from sale, but thanks to the strength of its brand has developed its own affiliate programme. Amazon has created a tiered performance-based incentives to encourage affiliates to sell more Amazon products.Amazon Marketing communicationsIn their SEC filings Amazon state that the aims of their communicationsstrategy are (unsurprisingly) toIncrease customer traffic to our websitesCreate awareness of our products and servicesPromote repeat purchasesDevelop incremental product and service revenue opportunities Strengthen and broaden the Amazon.com brand name.Amazon also believe that their most effective marketing communications are a bit of their focus on continuously improving the customer experience. This then creates word-of-mouth promotion which is effective in acquiring new customers and may also encourage repeat customer visits. As well as this Marcus (2004) describes how Amazon used the personalisation enabled through technology to reach out to a difficult to reach market which Bezos originally called the hard middle. Bezoss view was that it was easy to reach 10 people (y ou called them on the phone) or the ten million people who bought the most popular products (you placed a superbowl ad), but more difficult to reach those in between. The search facilities in the search engine and on the Amazon site, unneurotic with its product recommendation features meant that Amazon could connect its products with the interests of these people.Online advertising techniques include paid search marketing, interactive ads on portals, e-mail campaigns and search engine optimisation. These are automated as far as possible as described earlier in the case study. As previously mentioned, the affiliate programme is also important in driving visitors to Amazon and Amazon offers a wide range of methods of linking to its site to help improve conversion. For example, affiliates can use straight text links leading direct to a product page and they also offer a range of dynamic banners which feature different content such as books about Internet marketing or a search box.Amaz on also use cooperative advertising arrangements, better known as contra-deals with some vendors and other third parties.For example, a print advertisement in 2005 for a particular product such as a wireless router with a free wireless laptop card promotion will feature a specific Amazon URL in the ad. In product fulfilment packs, Amazon may include a leaflet for a non-competing online company such as Figleaves.com (lingerie) or Expedia (travel). In return, Amazon leaflets may be included in customer communications from the partner brands. Our Associates program directs customers to our websites by enabling independent websites to make millions of products available to theiraudiences with fulfillment performed by us or third parties. We pay commissions to hundreds of thousands of participants in our Associates program when their customer referrals result in product sales.In addition, we offer everyday free shipping options worldwide and recently announced Amazon.com Prime in the U.S ., our first membership program in which members receive free two-day shipping and discounted overnight shipping. Although marketing expenses do not include the costs of our free shipping or promotional offers, we view such offers as effective marketing tools. Marcus, J. (2004) Amazonia. Five years at the epicentre of the dot-com juggernaut,The newborn Press, New York, NY. Round, M. (2004) Presentation to E-metrics, London, May 2005. www.emetrics.org.

Ethical judgements Essay

Our entire life is a continuous process of gaining and retaining information, expanding our knowledge as individuals. Most sight spend quite a bit of time in their childhood years in school learning, taking in knowledge that has been uncoverd. As a species humans have produced a wealth of knowledge in a variety of tracks. However there comes a time where you have to wonder what extent people would go to, to produce knowledge. Where is the line? When ar we doing something ethically wrong? every last(predicate) of these questions bring up another question, do ethics get in the way of producing knowledge? The machinations and natural sciences argon two areas of knowledge that deal a lot with ethics. The arts are a very free area of knowledge in with people are allowed to express themselves, the natural sciences require a lot of experimentation. In my opinion, knowledge is very valuable, and the production of it should be a priority if the present is reasonable.The arts are a va luable source of knowledge, producers of art tend to try to convey a message through their artwork. Art comes in numerous different forms, ranging from visual arts to music and even literary arts. Throughout all forms most of art there are lessons embedded in the art piece, or at least messages conveyed through the art. Similarly, most art contains some form of censorship, artists are not allowed to touch on certain topics. Even if artists finalize to make art that touches on controversial or different topics, their art is typically not accepted in society and does not receive both publicity.Again, this is the case with almost all art, however for the purpose of this essay I am going to focus on literary art. An example that is very everyday in my mind is the ban of _The Book of Negroes_ by Lawrence Hill. A dutchman named Roy Groenberg wrote a letter to Lawrence Hill. In the letter he wrote that a group of people in the Netherlands were going to burn Hills news because in conta ined the word negro in the title (Hopper). _The Book of Negroes_ is an award winning confine that is closely the life of an 11 year-old girl who is kidnapped in a village near Segu in Africa, and sent to North Carolina to be a slave. The book continues to tell the ref about her life as a slave (Hill)._The Book of Negroes_ is widely considered as very moving and a book that conveys important messages (Hopper). Unfortunately, because of the title it was misconceived as a book that was critical of African-Americans. Groenberg was the only person to act on his feelings, however that does not mean he was the only person to see this book as negatively directed at African-Americans. _The Book of Negroes_ was likely misconceived by many more people just because of the inclusion of the word negro in the title. Unfortunately, society has made many ethical judgements about the word negro which are usually justified just in this case prevent people expanding their knowledge (Hopper). This o ne of many examples, in which an ethical judgement limited methods available in the production of knowledge.This brings up the question in my mind, why do people shy away from certain words? An attempt to find the answer lead me to the Theory of Knowledge diagram, more specifically the ways of sagacious. star way of knowing that intrigues me is language, this seems to answer my question. Language is a very powerful way of knowing, as words can be very powerful. There are handful of words in the english language that are not spoken because of how powerful they are. It seems to me that because of this some words are not tolerated even if the linguistic context is appropriate. Which sort of explains why The Book of Negroes received some criticism. It almost makes the criticism understandable, and I can begin to justify Groenbergs actions.Like I express before, almost all art forms have artwork that is not sociallyaccepted, and up to this point Ive only discussed literary art. Howeve r in my in-person life I have learned about art not being accepted, when it comes to hip-hop music. I regularly listen to hip-hop music and it is a very important part of my life. In the one-eighth grade for a social studies stratum I had the opportunity to play a song in class as part of a project. This for me was especially difficult because a lot of hip-hop music is not completely suitable for a eighth grade class setting. Even though I had found a couple of songs that were perfect for what I needed, but had a little too ofttimes profanity.I completely understand that there are some inappropriate elements to hip-hop music that are not the best thing for a class room environment. However, I believe by the eighth grade students have developed a level of maturity, and should be able to listen to hip-hop music. All that needed to happen was for my classmates to disregard any profanity and see the song for what it truly is. Similarly, people should have looked past the title The Bo ok of Negroes and read the book to see it for its value.Ethical judgments are as prevalent in the arts as they are in the natural sciences. From stem cell interrogation to animal testing, there are a plethora of examples for natural sciences. The arts are as much about entertainment as they are gaining knowledge, or maybe even more. On the other hand the natural sciences is almost entirely about gaining new knowledge and improving what is already known. In this age, developments in natural sciences are nearly only about human emanation. Whether is medically or discovering new things.I am going to mainly focus on how various countries, such as Argentina, the United States, Russia, Iran and France, tested their set equipment. From the mid 1940s all the way to 2013, the mentioned countries have sent knaves into space (Gray). Before leading were confident enough to send humans into space, they sent monkeys into space to see how their equipment fared. As expected, most of these monk eys died horrible deaths in flight with no way of knowing what is happening or any way to help themselves (Gray). The most notable instances were the first few monkeys in space. In 1948 NASA sent arhesus monkey named Albert 39 miles into the air in a rocket. Albert died of suffocation mid flight, however NASA sent another monkey in the air named Albert II. Albert II survived the flight but died due to a parachute malfunction (Gray).When I discussed the Book of Negroes I reached a conclusion that gaining knowledge is more important than ethical issues. However, when discussing NASA monkeys it is much harder to decide. This is because lives are at stake, although they are not human lives it is still hard to think about something dying for space research. Majority of people agree that sending monkeys into space is wrong. How is it that NASA can design equipment to go into space, but can not create a machine that can detect air pressure and oxygen levels.Again, spirit this point of vie w is much easier but the theory of knowledge diagram came to my mind again. In the ways of knowing there is emotion, and that is likely the main way of knowing affecting people when they imagine monkeys dying for space research. It is easy to create an emotional bond with an animal as cute as a monkey, and most people can agree monkeys are cute. When reacting on emotions people reach rash conclusions. Which I think can be applied here, I am curious what the reaction would be if NASA tested with uglier or at least less cute animals. What if NASA sent warthogs into space? This is a situation when I personally hate to play devils advocate, however if I was an astronaut in the 1940s I would certainly not go into a space rocket. I have absolutely nothing against monkeys, but if I were forced to make a decision between a monkey dying and a human dying I would choose the monkey, without hesitation.In conclusion, knowledge is very valuable and has been something humans have cherished throug h the ages. The production of knowledge has been vital to the advancement of the human race. Under most circumstances in the arts and natural sciences, the production of knowledge does not require a major sacrifice, just a small loss or temporary discomfort. There are times in which it is not worth the sacrifice to learn something. However the vast mass of circumstances provide a reasonable loss for the production ofknowledge. Overall, I believe knowledge and the production of knowledge is extremely valuable and should be a priority when it comes to he arts and natural sciences.Works CitedGray, Tara. A Brief History of Animals In Space. NASA. NASA HQ, 02 Aug 2004. Web. 16 Sep 2013.Hill, Lawrence. The Book of Negroes. Toronto, Ontario, Canada HarperCollins, 2007. Print.Hopper, Tristin. Dutchman threatens to burn The Book of Negroes. home(a) Post. National Post, 10 Jun 2011. Web. 16 Sep 2013. .

Components needed to make a personal computer

Building a personalised data processor can be a rewarding experience in addition to saving costs. By building a personal computer, one can save up to 30% of the costs that would be incurred if the computer were purchased from a dealer.In building a personal computer, the first thing to do is to select a motherboard. To ensure that the PC depart perform reliably, the motherboard used should be from a well-known manufacturer. The best-known motherboards for dependableness are from Intel.Since a motherboard is such a critical part of a personal computer, it would be best to select it carefully and not necessarily go for the cheapest in the market. An ideal motherboard for a student personal computer would be the Intel Socket LGA775, which retails at GBP 80 and can be purchased online at http//www.newegg.comThe size of the personal computer will be determined by the case that the builder chooses. For a personal computer, the ideal is to go for a small a case as possible while taking care not to limit the number of components that can fit in the case. If the case is too small, it will not solo limit the number of components that the computer can take but will also make it harder to extend the system properly cooled.Moreover, the buff in a small case will have to move faster than the fan in a larger case to appropriately cool the computer and this will result in the production of much noise. A smaller case also limits the options that the builder has in the routing of cables.All factors considered, a small case should be avoided as it turns to be less efficient and probably more expensive in the end. A standard mini or mid-tower case should be chosen. In all case, the case chosen should allow for addition of other components should the need arise for them in the future.The ideal case for a PC to be used by an undergraduate would be the Antec Sonata III, which is available from Amazon at GBP 88. This case is supplied together with a 500-watt power supply and c an be purchased online at www.amazon.com.In building a personal computer, it is crucial to choose the processor carefully. For an undergraduate student who will use the PC to perform routine research work and probably import assignments, which will involve browsing the internet and checking email, a processor that would be adequate is the AMD Athlon XP. This costs about GBP 53.While it is important to confirm that machinery is in place to keep the CPU cool, all attempts should be made to obtain a cooler that does not generate too much noise. Reasonably priced CPU coolers ideal for a PC can be obtained from Dynatron. (www.dynatron-corp.com).This cooler is ideal for the 30W to 50W processors which could be used to make a PC. Other CPU coolers that could be used for the PC hold the Zalman CNPS9500AT, which is available from Newegg at GBP 30. This cooler can be purchased online at http//www.newegg.com.When the PC is up and running and the fans become noisy, an inline resistor should b e installed. This reduces the voltage reaching the fan thereby reducing the noise that the fan produces. Suppliers of noise-reducing resistors include QuietPC USA (www.quietpcusa.com) and Endnoise.com (www.endnoise.com).

Scarlet Letter Pearl

Scarlet Letter- pearl Through out the story Pearl was said to be a expletive of Hesters adultery however personally I believe she was somewhat of a blessing and a curse. For a child Pearl had amazing intelligence and was able to imagine a multitude of different personas hardly being as intelligent as she is, is not always a good thing for she knew that she was an outcast and correct the ideational personas she created were not her friends but enemies.The ways in which Pearl was a blessing were for fact that early(a) than Mr. Dimmesdale she was her mothers only companion throughout all the years and the other than Mr. Dimmesdale she could be there all the time not just when they raft meet in the forest. Pearl was thought by Hester to be her redemption dismantle if it was too late for herself she wanted the best life for pearl so she would try to do everything for her to Hester, Pearl was the greatest blessing she could have asked for and maybe even more so. he was also a bless ing because when Hester and Dimmesdale meet up in the woods she would not acknowledge Hester without the letter on her chest and would not accept a kiss from Dimmesdale because she did not want them hiding in secret any longer and wanted them to come fourth and for them to be a family by asking if they were all going to walk back into town together holding hands. Although Pearl was a blessing she was sort of a curse in more ways than one. She was always hard for Hester to manage throughout the years because she was a very difficult child to manage being her mothers girlfriend she was strong willed and very hard headed.Also she was look upon as a curse for even after the letter is removed Pearl will be looked upon as the one remaining emblem to remind every one of the sin of how she was created. she is also looked as a curse for her outbreaks of anger when children would lash out with their tongues she would convulsion into an outrage scaring off her cruel taunters then she would r eturn to normal and be just as happy as can be. Pearl was believed to be a curse by most because she was the product of sin and often showed signs of which she was of evil origin.Pearl was not saturatedly evil or a curse because what she wanted was pure even if sometimes she went about it wrong, all she really wanted was for Dimmesdale to admit that he is her father and for them to be a happy family. Pearl is drawn to the vermilion letter on Hesters chest because she believes it is not a sign of sin or crime but one to show that it was her love and not to be ashamed of it that Pearl was not a product of sin but a product of love and affection and wear it proudly till she can show all of them that she and Dimmesdale love each other.Pearl was a blessed curse one in which was made on a sin of act but turned to help both Dimmesdale and Hester realize what it was that they wanted. if you look at one of my favorite quotes I see now that the circumstances of ones birth are foreign it is what you do with the gift of life that determines who you are. -Mew-two from Pokemon the first movie it relates highly to Pearl because does it really matter how she came in to this world she did something no other could do by bringing out both the truth of who the father was and helped them realize they all wanted to be together as a family, that is why Pearl was a blessed curse.

Gregor Mendel

Who was Gregor Mendel? Mendel was a scientist who gained a substantial amount of fame from his study of genetics. He studied the pea whole shebang and its inheritance of certain traits. 2. What contributions did he make to perception? His study of genetics led to an increase interest in the study of genetics. His biggest contribution to the study of science was his discovery of particulate inheritance, dominant and recessive allele traits, genotype and phenotype, and the sentiment of heterozygous and homozygous. . Which species did he work with? Mendel worked with the simple pea pod plant in his 8 year science experiment 4. State his 4 hypothesisThe first part, or law, states that, Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited sheaths. The second law states that, For each character trait, like height, color, texture, etc an organism inherits two genes, one from each parent. The third law declares that, If the two alleles differ, whence one, the dominant alle le, is fully expressed in the organisms appearance the other, the recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organisms appearance. The fourth law states that, The two genes for each character segregate during gamete production. 5. Explain the concept of independent assortment The concept of independent assortment states that the emergence of one trait will not affect the emergence of another.For example, a pea plants inheritance of the ability to produce purple flowers instead of white ones does not make it more likely that it would also inherit the ability to produce yellow peas in contrast to green ones. 6. What conditions were unnoted by Mendel? Darwins theory that if the wide variation observable in cultivated plants were caused by the changed conditions and increased nourishment experienced on being brought into cultivation, then this cause of variation must continue to act.

Legalization of Marijuana: Should be Approved? Essay

Ameri terminate mickle get under ones skin debated over the legalisation of marihuana for many long time. This discussion is an example of how the united states prepare strugglight-emitting diode to reach an agreement somewhat the manipulation of marihuana. In recent years do drugs policy cod been increasingly challenged, especially in America. In the United States a group of nearly twenty states has allowed the medical use of hemp, even though neither the federal government nor the United Nations Convention lie with that marijuana has medical uses. In the election of November 2012, Washington State passed a referendum, and conscientious objector an amendment to its Constitution, which allow the amateurish use of marijuana. A result of the legalization of recreational use in Denver, Colorado, have entered more than $ 1.2 million with a mechanism for maximum sales per consumer than an oz. profit status, worth $ 200, a strategy that is apply to regulate the individual cons umption. For instance, according to Jacob Sullum (2013), author of The Cannabis Is Out Of The bag, People 21 or older already argon allowed to possess up to an ounce of marijuana. Nowadays Marijuana users in the United States whitethorn finally, starting this January 1, legally have it for recreational purposes in two states in the West, Washington and Colorado. Probably the intimately controversial news until today is that many companies would begin to distribute marijuana in vending machines as if they were sodas this exit be addressed to the public who use marijuana for medical purposes, a patient with a serious medical condition that approaches a vending machine to get a dose of marijuana to cope better with certain symptoms of their disease or treatment is an increasingly common act thanks to the progress achieved by the automatic distribution. But you can still go further.Hence Smart Ventures, a company that invests in mining projects in medical marijuana and playful side, has signed an agreement with ready Vending, dedicated to developing mobile technology for control of vending .The objective of this joint venture is to expand and renovate the distribution process with the latest equipment and sort out techniques of identification in order to cash in on the recent legalization of marijuanaand the resulting high demand in the state of Colorado. Both formulas will drive new technology payments and cashless biometric identification methods, either through credit cards, electronic wallets and mobile payment. The new company is called Cannabis Funding Group, Inc. and is immediately a subsidiary of activity as Smart Ventures. One person who is clearly opposed to medical marijuana is Scott M, Arden. He suggests that thither is no incentive to investment company clinical trials nor advocate the use of marijuana for medical purposes. he expressed her views in the article Clinician Reviews journal. For instance, he says, The negative side effects of medi cal marijuana pale in comparison to the laundry list associated with numerous prescription drugs that are FDA approved non to mention tobacco and alcohol, much more addictive products on the market that possess no medicinal value, only detrimental.Additionally, currently available pain medications have been proven highly addictive, and their use and proliferation have led to an epidemic of chemical dependence and related crime. If the big players in the industry had significant potential gains from medical marijuana, it would have been legalized at the federal level years ago. What Scott M. Arden is saying is that it makes no sense the idea of medical marijuana. So, obviously that it will be the same as with the other drugs on the market that are addictive. in that respect are some people who think that more states should legalize at least medical marijuana for the people who really need it. One of the backbreaking supporters of medical marijuana is Karen Bender. She is sure tha t with additional research medical marijuana may benefit many people. In fact, she says, Medical marijuana, like prescribed drugs, may benefit people with MS. What bender means is that, if the American government is willing to keep prohibiting medical marijuana, American people would never know if is the right thing to do. It is simply means that laboratories and people specialized in the field of medical marijuana should do more research to determine the good things about it and the bad things and how will affect society. Second, another controversial reason to support or oppose legalization of marijuana is based in the economics of execution. Legalizing marijuana will save the government $ 41.3 billion a year in law-enforcement and generate $ 46.7 billion in tax according to The Libertarian Cato Institute but Chris Kennedy a spokesman of the journal NEWSWEEK tells that all of our scholars definitely support an end to drugprohibition. He thinks that instead of prohibiting marijuan a government should legalized it, according to The Libertarian Cato Institute. It is simply means that legalizing marijuana is the take up thing to do for economic reasons, thats why theres so many controversy in the economic execution, too much money involved.There are not many people, who support the legalization of marijuana, nearlyly because they think is not going to help American economy. Most people sustenance about the national security because of terrorists and drug dealers. One person who clearly opposes legalization of marijuana is Pat Buchanan, an advisor to presidents Nixon, Ford, and Reagan , he sure believes American people is financing terrorists and drug dealers. He expressed his opinion in NEWSWEEK journal. For instance, he says, How does one win a drug war when millions of Americans who use recreational drugs are financing the cartels bribing, murdering, and beheading to win the war and keep self-indulgent Americans supplied with drugs? There are two sure musi cal modes to end this war swiftly. Miltons way and Maos way. Mao Zedongs communists killed users and suppliers alike, as social parasites. Milton Friedmans way is to decriminalize drugs and call off the war. What Buchanan is really talking about is that most Americans are supporting and financing the cartels, and that Americans are arguing at the same time for the security when they are the cause of drug cartels having power, thats why criminals continue enriching illicitly. There are not that many politicians who support the legalization of marijuana. One politician who supports the legalization of marijuana is Tom Tancredo who was running for governor of Colorado on the constitution party ticket. He declares that marijuana should be (Legalize it. Regulate it. Tax it) He expressed his opinion in NEWSWEEK journal. For instance, he says, With regard to marijuana, I have no plans to push for its legalization. I simply believe that taking money away from the drug cartels, taking the in centive out of pushing marijuana to kids by imposing the most serious penalties possible on those who do so, focusing our resources on stopping illegal aliens and hard drugs from entering the country, and reducing the corruption now eating away at our law-enforcement establishment has merit and deserves to be debated. Another main argument has to deal with the Mexican border.There is another politician who supports the legalization of marijuana. Its Grover Norquist, president of Americas for tax reform, he declares that the legalization of marijuana willend with drug cartels. For instance, he says, First, there is the mess that is Mexico. Narcoterrorism is made possible by our drug prohibition in the U.S. Then there is the cost of incarceration, Proposition 19 has the opportunity to be the domino that could bring about rational drug policy nationwide. What Norquist is really taking about is that next vote in California for or against Proposition 19, which seeks to legalize the use, distribution and sale of marijuana has led, in the United States and Mexico, a debate on the legalization of drugs. Proposition 19 as well plans to allow the cultivation of marijuana by adults in an area not exceeding 25 square feet in their homes and allowed local governments to regulate and collect taxes on commercial production and distribution of the drug. The United Nations (UN) estimates that one third of the cannabis consumed in the U.S. is produced domestically. Under the new laws of legalization, marijuana stores should produce their own cannabis, and will take several months for some power to make its first crop of recreational marijuana. $ 600 million annual leave year the sale of marijuana in Colorado. A study by Colorado State University estimated that the market for legal marijuana state will be about 600 million dollars annually and generate about $ 130 million in new taxes. The study also estimated that Colorado residents consume about 100 grams of marijuana per ca pita annually, under the new rules. One person who clearly declares that combating drugs is not the way to solve all problems related with drugs as violence, is James A. Inciardi, a director of the center for drug and alcohol studies.He expressed his views in the book, The Drug Legalization Debate. For instance, he says, War on Drugs is not the answers to the many problems of drug abuse in this country. I reach this conclusion by observing that during the entire time the country has been at war against drugs there has been no attempt in any administration to place the federal agencies and the American people on a wartime status. There are several characteristics of a country at war that have not been met. Although it is very obvious for most people, Legalization is not a magic formula to end violence, it may resolve other serious problems in the country but it is a necessary step in the right direction for a new simulacrum that means more security. Marijuana its not the illegal dru g that leaves more profit, but it is the most trafficked and consumed in the world. The blow to organized crime by removing these revenues vary, according to estimates, 15% to 60% ofthe profits of the drug. The opinion of the people in this area is very diverse, from which there are radically opposed to it until its legalization there are supporters unconditionally. These views depend on many instruments, such as age, as the person its older the more is opposed to the legalization of these substances, another factor that determines a lot is its political ideology.The people on the left political side tend to approve the legalization of these drugs and the right side tends to reject it, it also depends on the sex gender, men usually supports more its legalization. Also people are influenced by the fact that they tried the drug before. Most of the people who have tried the drug before tend to support the legalization of marijuana. Legalizing cannabis would have the advantage that we can all imagine, a greater product quality, if we sight or use marijuana as this should not be adulterated because going through some health checks, a much lower cost, as there would be many intermediaries as there are now and also end with the black market and drug trafficking networks. While many of these benefits would not be such, because, for example the black market and drug trafficking networks would not disappear, but still try to sell the cheapest product to make the competition to the government.The failure of dry and punitive strategy against illicit drugs, we still see an overview of production and consumption worse than in the beginning. It is necessary to create useful tools to combat drug use, which must(prenominal) be accompanied by a more flexible-but not libertarian-use and production perspective.Works citedConant, Eve. Pot and the GOP. Newsweek 1 Nov. 2010 Academic OneFile. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. Sullum, Jacob. The Cannabis Is Out Of The bulk Why Prohibitionists Ha ve an Interest in Allowing Marijuana Legalization. Reason Aug.-Sept. 2013 12. Academic OneFile. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. Arden, Scott M., and Meg Helgert. Opposing Views of Medical Marijuana. Clinician Reviews Apr. 2011 2. Academic OneFile. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. Bender, Karen. More jut out for Medicinal Marijuana. Momentum Spring 2011 Academic OneFile. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. Inciardi, James A. The Drug Legalization Debate. NewburyPark, CA Sage Publications, 1991. Print.

Psalm 23

Ann Lim Essay 5 In Class Poetry/Song Analysis sing 23 is a well noticen and often recited, memorized and studied passage of the Bible. It is probably one of the most cherished and treasured sing of Christian Religion. Even those who once accompanied the Church at the young age can recognize and recall Sunday School lesson of The Lord is my guard, I lack nothing. The book of Psalm consists of thoroughgoing of 150 poems. It is divided into 5 books Book I (Ps. 1-41), Book II (Ps. 42-72), Book III (Ps. 73-89), Book IV (Ps. 90-106) and Book V (Ps. 107-150).The book of Psalms is written by numerous authors including queer David and Psalm 23 is written by this King who reigned and ruled the Israelites with justice, and righteousness. His name is mentioned the most in the Bible and he is the most beloved King by the Israelite Nation. This particular Psalm was probably written in Davids later life as King. In perusing 1 and 2 Samuel, David was the youngest son of Jesse of Bethlehem. Though King Saul was already reigning as the King of Israel, by the command of matinee idol, the prophet Samuel anointed David as King of Israel instead because of King Sauls disobedience and pride.However, before David was officially recognized and put on the throne, he suffered persecution and hardship from King Saul who precious him to be dead. Because King David has relied on the Lord his God to bring him to the place of Kingship at Gods timing, he was humble and trusting in God. tally to the Bible, because he was such a character, God himself has called him a man after Gods own heart. Before he was a King, he was a shepherd himself who protected and tended his fathers sheep. The Bible also notes that he was a skillful musician.Psalm 23 has been given the title, A psalm of David. In this psalm, David claims himself to be a shepherd who is led by God, his shepherd. The shepherd guides, protects and comforts the sheep. Good things are prepared in the presence of his enemies. A nd because this is the kind of shepherd God is, the sheep or himself shall not want anything else. And in all of his life, goodness and love willing follow him and he will dwell in the house of God. King David is addressing to himself and meditating on his God, the good shepherd.He confesses about the shepherd, his Lord who leads him, who refreshes his soul, who guides him and protects him. He then switches to addressing God directly, You prepare a table before me/You anoint my head (Ps 235). When the reader reads, they are able to make the same profession of trust in God and who God is, then able to speak to God, like David himself. They are able to require and confess the same faith and assurance. Psalm 23 is a prayer of David and his conversation with the Lord, his shepherd. Many pastors and evangelist has preached of Psalm 23.Without the help of religious experts, anyone can construe and comprehend this Psalm. This shepherd, or Davids Lord is a good shepherd, or a leader who tends the sheep with love, care, gentleness and goodness therefore I, the shepherd lacks nothing and will dwell in the shepherds house forever. The LORD is my shepherd (Ps. 231) personifies God as a shepherd. The first stanza indicates I the speaker as the sheep. Humans do not lie down in green pastures, or take aims to be led by quiet waters nor do they need terminal cell and staff to be comforted (Ps. 32, 4). These actions signify the speaker as the sheep and God as the shepherd. The sheep is known to be blind, needing constant attention. They do not know how to protect themselves nor do they know how to rest because they are the most anxious and paranoid animals. The shepherd in the days of David guarded the sheep with their lives. Not only does the shepherd needs to be with the sheep at all times, shepherd often had to protect them from wild animals such as lions, or bears even if it coasted his life. This is why they carried both the rod and staff.The rod was used for protec tion and staff was used for leading the sheep. By personifying humanness as the sheep who is blind, always needing guidance and attention shows how helpless and needy humans are. This signifies the relationship between the men and God and their need for each other. King David shows in Psalm 23 how much himself and the children of God are in need of the Lord, the good shepherd. He is the kind of shepherd who provides, who protects, who guides from green pastures to the house of God (Ps. 33, 6). Those who practice Christian faith are once again reminded of Gods grace when reading this passage. They are assured once again of the Lords goodness and love and his good way of leading, protecting and providing for them. Psalm 23 truly reflects on the Christianity because it shows the Lord as the leader and the people as follower, like sheep and shepherd relationship revealed in this Psalm. And it is God who leads his people into His presence, or the house of the Lord.

Influence of culture on health care practices Essay

Current trends of an increasingly multi pagan society emphasize the need for nursing schooling programs that effectively address ethnical issues. To understand the diverse cultural backgrounds of clients, nurses moldiness strive to be culturally competent (Marcinkiw 2003). Cultural competence requires the building of cultural sentience, jockeyledge, skill, encounters, and desire in the nurse. Clients will feel respected, valued, and discombobulate a greater desire to achieve mutually agreed upon wellness c atomic number 18 goals if the nurse is culturally competent. The purpose of this essay is designed to show the cultural competence in the nursing profession by providing a guide that is useful for implementing cultural sensitivity in nursing education and practice.Diversity. It is a enunciate that means slightlything different to each and ein truth person. Bacote, 2003 asserts that the changing demographics and economics of our growing multicultural humanness, and the long-s tanding disparities in the wellness status of passel from culturally diverse backgrounds has challenged health c ar providers and organizations to consider cultural diversity as a priority. However, health guardianship providers essential(prenominal) realize that addressing cultural diversity goes beyond knowing the values, beliefs, practices and springer (Bacote, 2003). In addition to racial classification and national origin, there are numerous other faces of cultural diversity. Religious affiliation, language, physical size, gender, sexual orientation, age, disability (both physical and mental), political orientation, socio-economic status, occupational status and geographical status are but a few of the faces of diversity (Bacote, 2003).I would like to share thoughts concerning the complexities involved in caring for people from diverse cultural background I came from different country myself. My understanding of complete Health care system in Australia was a lot differe nt from past experience in my country of origin. As most foreigners it was just a matter of time before I could ride use to the system of medical care. And skills like listening, understanding, respect for my belief systems and ability to build trust were very important to me. Now I could tell that there is range of cultural fashions and the need to understand peoples actions from their own cultural perspective in health and illness.Cultural values give an several(prenominal) a sense of direction as well as meaning to life.These values are held on an unconscious level. in that respect is a direct relationship between culture and health practices (Bacote, 2003). In fact, of the many factors that are known to determine health beliefs and behaviors, culture is the most influential (Bacote, 2003).Recently I comprehend an excellent paper where cultural supervision was discussed (Westerman 2004). There, I become more acutely aware of the sizeableness of cultural differences vis--vi s Aboriginal societies. Although I had been aware of these differences before, I now came to see that there were many cultural subtleties that require specialist knowledge and approach. According to Driscoll (200780) there is another kind of knowledge that potentiometer save develop when one has direct and deep experience of another cultural group. Cultural groups can be ethnic groups, or groups we sometimes refer to as sub-cultures (Driscoll & Yegdich 2007).A humanistic and scientific area of ceremonious study and practice in nursing is called transcultural nursing, it is focused upon differences and similarities among cultures with respect to human care, health, and illness base upon the peoples cultural values, beliefs, and practices, and to use this knowledge to provide cultural specific or culturally congruent nursing care to people (Leininger 1991).Leininger notes the main goal of transcultural nursing is to provide culturally specific care. But before transcultural nursin g can be adequately understood, there must be a basic knowledge of key terminology such as culture, cultural values, culturally diverse nursing care, ethnocentrism, race, and ethnography.Singelis (20054-5) believes that to be culturally competent the nurse needs to understand his/her own world views and those of the patient, while avoiding stereotyping and misapplication of scientific knowledge. Cultural competence is obtaining cultural information and then applying thatknowledge. This cultural awareness allows you to see the entire picture and improves the quality of care and health outcomes. Adapting to different cultural beliefs and practices requires flexibility and a respect for others view points (Singelis 20055). Cultural competence means to really listen to the patient, to find out and check into about the patients beliefs of health and illness. To provide culturally appropriate care we need to know and to understand culturally influenced health behaviors (Singelis 20055).A lso Singelis (2005) highlights that to be culturally competent the nurse needs to witness how to mix a little cultural understanding with the nursing care they offer. In some part of the Australia culturally varied patient populations have long been the norm. But now, even in the homogeneous demesne of Queensland where we reside, we are seeing a dramatic increase in immigrants from all over the world. These cultural differences are affecting even the most remote settings.Since the perception of illness and disease and their causes varies by culture (Germov 2005 155), these soulfulness preferences affect the approaches to health care. Culture also influences how people seek health care and how they behave toward health care providers. Furthermore Germov (2005155) asserts that how we care for patients and how patients respond to this care is greatly influenced by culture. Health care providers must possess the ability and knowledge to communicate and to understand health behaviors influenced by culture. Having this ability and knowledge can eliminate barriers to the lay asidey of health care (Germov 2005 154). These issues show the need for health care organizations to develop policies, practices and procedures to deliver culturally competent care (Germov 2005).Developing culturally competent programs is an ongoing process. There seems to be no one recipe for cultural competency. Its an ongoing evaluation, as we continually adapt and reevaluate the behavior things are done. For nurses, cultural diversity tests our ability to really care for patients, to demonstrate that we are not only(prenominal) clinically proficient but also culturally competent, that we care.Meyer (1996) describes four major challenges for providers and cultural competency in healthcare. The first is the straightforward challenge of recognizing clinical differences among people of different ethnic and racial groups. The second, and far more complicated, challenge is communication. Thi s deals with everything from the need for interpreters to nuances of words in various languages. Many patients, even in occidental cultures, are reluctant to talk about personal matters such as sexual activity or chemic use. How do we overcome this challenge among more restricted cultures (as compared to ours)? Some patients may not have or are reluctant to use telephones.We need to plan for these types of obstacles. The third challenge is ethics (Meyer 1996). While Western medicine is among the best in the world, we do not have all the answers. Respect for the belief systems of others and the set up of those beliefs on well-being are critically important to competent care. The final challenge involves trust (Meyer 1996). For some patients, authority figures are immediately mistrusted, sometimes for good reason. Having seen or been victims of atrocities at the hands of authorities in their homelands, many people are as wary of caregivers themselves as they are of the care.Holland , Jenkins, Solomon and Whittem (2003) assert that in a multicultural society it is important for nurses to consider how to preserve the individual patients social, cultural, spiritual, religious and estimable needs in order to help the patient understand, agree and cooperate with any planned care. There are many traditions and beliefs associated with health and illness that can alter a persons behavior when they become ill and the nurse must seeks to understand how this may be observed in their patients (Holland, Jenkins, Solomon and Whittem 2003).This word of honor has highlighted importance of cultural diversity as a priority and that it has many other faces in life. It is fair that there is a direct relationship between culture and health practices. As individuals, nurses and health care providers, we need to learn to ask questions sensitively and to show respect for different cultural beliefs. Most important, we must listen to our patients carefully. The main source of proble ms in caring for patients from diverse cultural backgrounds is thelack of understanding and tolerance. real often, neither the nurse nor the patient understands the others perspective. Therefore cultural diversity tests our ability to truly care for patients, to demonstrate that we are not only clinically proficient but also culturally competent, that we care.ReferencesBacote, C.J. (2003) Many Faces Addressing Diversity in Health conduct. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing (Vol. 81-2). Retrieved from http//www.nursingworld.org/ojin 05.05.07.Driscoll, J. & Yegdich, T. (2007). Practicing Clinical Supervision. A Reflective approach for health care professionals (2d ed.). Bailliere Tindall. Elsevier.Holland, K., Jenkins, J., Solomon, J. and Whittem, S., (2003). Applying the Ropper Logan. Tierney Model in Practice. Churchill Livingstone.Germov, J. (2005). Second Opinion. An Introduction to Health Sociology (3rd ed.). Oxford.Leininger, M. (1991). transcultural nursing the study and pra ctice field. Imprint, 38(2), 55-66. Retrieved from http//www.culturediversity.org 05.05.07.Marcinkiw, K. L. (2003). Nurse Education Today. 23(3), 174-182. Retrieved from http//www.sciencedirect.com 05.05.07.Meyer, C.R. (1996).Medicines melting pot .Journal for Primary Care Physicians (795-5). MinnMed.Singelis, T. M. (2005). Teaching about culture, Ethnicity and Diversity Exercises and Planned Activities. London Sage Publications.Westerman, T. (2004). The value of unique service formulation for Aboriginal people- the benefits of starting from scratch. The Mental Health Services. (Sep.1-3) Conference Inc. of Australia and New Zealand.

Environmental Impacts of Aviation Essay

Noise is utter to provoke a variety of definitions. For people who atomic number 18 inclined towards acoustics, commotion is identified as a complex form of buy the farm waves that have irregular vibrations and has no known pitch. In the field of engineering, hitch is considered as a signal that interferes with the detection and quality identification of an some other signal. However, for psychoacoustic studies which are focused on the study of human response to sound, ring is deemed as an unsought form of sound (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association ASHA, 2008). correspond to K. D.Kryter (1996), hurly burly is an enhanced form of sound signals that post a negative effect in the physiological and psychological aspect of an individual (Kryter, 1996 cited in ASHA, 2008). For the most part, go is whatsoeverthing that could be identified as an unwanted sound which is a pollutant and a hazard to the health of human beings (ASHA, 2008). Noise can be derived from a vari ety of contributors, and such hindrances have their own takes that are detrimental to the hearing of an individual. Noise levels are mensurable in decibels. Sounds that are louder than 80 decibels are considered to be hazardous.One of the leading sources of potenti all(prenominal)y hazardous hinderance is the demarcationport. Noises from dromes could come from reflections and operating machines. However, the major contributor for airport perturbation is caused by the aircrafts. There are ii ways on how aircraft noises are generated. First, airframe noise appears whenever air passes through the fuselage or body and wings of the plane. The operation causes friction and turbulence which lots result in the production of unwanted sound. Gliders which are planes without engines produce noise during its flights.Second, engine noise is derived from the action of the moving parts of the aircrafts engine. Such noise is also produced whenever the sound of air passes through the engin es during high speed. Engine noise mainly comes from the planes exhaust or the jet situated behind the engine whenever the air sound from the engine combines with the air surrounding it (hessian drome, 2008). establish from the study carried out by Daniel Nunez (1998), airplane noise poses disturbance in the human sleep more than any other forms of noises.It was also indicated that more than 50% of the people residing near airports are a incitened by airplane noise (Holland-Wegman, 1967 cited in Nunez, 1998). The on define of aircraft noise as a major problem began during the sentence when there is an upsurge in the need of air transportation after World War Two. By the end of 1950s, the introduction of jet planes became widely known which later on catapulted the aviation revolution where commercial-grade air passengers were also introduced (Nunez, 1998).The augmentation in the aircraft use also resulted in the increase in the noise level produced by air transportations. Because of the outstanding length of service and success of aircraft operations, airports gradually endure larger and noisier. The gentle activities of airports also began to grab the attention of people, wherein surrounding communities started to spread all throughout the nearby areas. The more airports become bigger and nosier, the more residential structures, churches, and schools come cheeseparingr to the area. Eventually, conflicting outs arise.Aside from the land expansion of airports which often cause nearby residents to act defensively, noise is also regarded as an issue that is very much incorporated with airport operations (Bachman, 2003). As such, the painful sound from aircraft take offs and landings were viewed as the primary reasons of annoyance by the residents living near the area. From then on, airport noise has become a complex psychophysiological and economic issue (Nunez, 1998). The issues regarding aircraft noise are give tongue to to be complicated because of the aviation industrys significance in the economy of developing countries.Without the presence of the aviation industry various economic industries would be gravely affected, some of which include the tourism business and mail transportation (Nunez, 1998). Many airports have spent large amounts of property in order to provide sound insulation for residential buildings and community owned structures to reduce aircraft noise (Bachman, 2003). One of the airports that have reached an agreement regarding their noise issue with the people in the surrounding community is the Wellington International Airport Limited (WIAL) situated in New Zealand. WIAL was constituted as a good corporation on October 16, 1990.The aviation company is partly owned by the Wellington City Council which shares 34% of the total stocks, while the other 66% are owned by Infratil Limited. Wellington International Airport is known as the third largest airport in New Zealand and is classified as a regional hub that ex tends its international flight service not only in New Zealand but also to the eastern part of Australia and the neighboring island countries in the south-west Pacific. Almost 90% of the passengers of WIAL travel domestically and majority of whom are business people (Ministry of Economic Development MED, 2005).As it was said, no other cities in the world have an airport location that could be compared to Wellington International Airport. WIAL is situated on a narrow shift of land in the center of the residential areas. The airport is just minutes away towards the capitals centre. It is also accessible through a short coastal scenic drive or termination through the tunnel at Mount Victoria. Although the location of the airport is said to be unique, the airport is go more or less with substantial challenges in terms of its environmental impact, specifically the aircraft noise.The location of Wellington International Airport which is close to the residential area became a ground f or the residents to organize the Residents Airport Noise Action sort, the noise time out requirement, as well as different actions from the internal operations of the airport in order to change magnitude the noise pollution (Wellington Airport, 2008). Residents Airport Noise Action Group In 1963, Maxine Harris basic moved into her syndicate at Strathmore which is near Wellington International Airport. Five years after, Harris reported that the jet noise began. gibe to documents, Harris and her neighbors were not at all bothered by the jet noise. However by 1980s, Harris and her neighbors started hearing the night-time speedup of the airplane engines of National Airways. Harris even noted that they heard the revving of the airplane engines that sounded like a high-pitched whining that would wake her up in the middle of the night and would not allow her to get back to sleep. Harris complained about the noise issue, but an airport official told her that no other individual compla ined about the noise.Harris talked to her other neighbor about the issue and her neighbor told her that he had also complained, yet the airport official also told him that no other person called the airport to complain. Both Harris and her neighbor responded to the issue by putting leaflets in the mailboxes of their neighbors. The leaflet called for the other residents to phone the airport whenever they were disturbed by the aircraft noise (Samson, 1997a). Because of this, the neighbors responded well, and in 1986, the Residents Airport Noise Action Group was established.The group was focused on performing two tasks to halt the engine test at night and to lessen the noise produced by the 737s. It was in 1986 when the group had their first meeting with the city council. During that time, they have soft their complaints regarding the noise issue. Their first attempt became successful after the city passed the first by-law which is focused on the engine-testing. The by-law limits the testing times of the National Airways Friendship fleet. However, subsequent efforts of the group were not as successful as their first attempt. The noise problem of the Boeing 737s still remains (Samson, 1997a).In 1987, the Ansett Airlines became a part of the internal air service market. In return, Air New Zealand has to expand their operations. It was stated that the residents regarded 1987 as the year of big detonation because of the noise produced by the aircrafts. In response to the growing issue of the airport noise, the residents put forward a proposal, stating that all the 737s should be phased out in 1997. Three months after the proposal was passed, Ansett acknowledged the residents apology by replacing the fleets with whisper jets that are much quieter compared to the 737s.On the other hand, the city council framed a proposed by-law that would have ordered the Air New Zealand to reduce its fleet on a stage by stage process. However, the propose by-law did not take in eff ect (Samson, 1997a). By 1992, Air New Zealand promised that by the following year seven of their Boeing 737-200s would have devices that would reduce noise known as calm down kits and other fleets would be phased out and will be replaced by 737-300s. However, the residents did not agree with this.Arguments were once once more raised that have even reached the select committees of the parliament, yet the resolutions were unidentifiable (Samson, 1997, p. 19a). As a response to the noise issue that has been gaining public interest, the city council put forth a proposed regulate plan, but the residents opposed to it. However, in order to resolve the issue, environment court judge Shonagh Kenderdine ruled out in August of 1997 that the airport and the airlines should adhere to the strict rules as proposed by the district plan regarding the air noise boundary wherein a specific maximum noise level will be set.Furthermore, the noise boundary would later on be dissolved if there is an imp rovement with the airport and airlines noise management. Other regulations that were included in the command involve the night curfew, engine-testing, ground noise control, and land-use. The first three issues being disputed were already state-of-the-art after the issues were ruled out. The last dispute which was focused on the land use was not settled until November of 1997 (Samson, 1997a).As a follow up to the court ruling done on August of 1997, in order to end the ten-year fight regarding the acceptable noise level in Wellington area, and to finally bring to an end the last remaining area of dispute which was focused on the land use, Judge Shonagh Kenderdine ended the noise issue on November 20, 1997. The major players during the court case involved the Residents airport noise action group, the plank of airline representatives, the Wellington city council, and the Wellington international airport.It was stipulated in the ruling that All new admit developments within the ai rports air-noise boundary would be deemed unrestricted discretionary activity (Samson, 1997b, p. 3). Under the said ruling, any individuals who are interested to build residential structures within the surrounding airport area and all the application permits have to be approved by the Wellington City Council. Therefore, the council has the right to refuse or consent the details of the application depending on the criteria that are still to be set by the district plan (Samson, 1997b).Despite the criteria being on the process of completion, the interested party should be governed by the assessments set in the ruling wherein new homes that will be built within the airports air-noise boundary should use construction materials that could pass the standards of noise reductions. Such materials include thicker gib boarding, double or thicker window glazing, and the installation of noise insulations. The ruling also required the city council to implement stricter rules regarding the developm ent of new housings compared to the original proposal of the district plan (Samson, 1997b).