The toxicity of chemicals Essay Example for Free

The toxicity of chemics EssayRemedy I would not endorse hazardous knock off landfill, waste treatment plant, deep injection well, or incinerators climb up a residential community because of the hazardous threats brought by the chemicals. Even though they are built so that the trash of chemical plants and the residue from pest control, on that point are some instance where there is a leakage that can harm the community. Hazardous waste landfills are built so that the waste from chemical processes can be dumped in this area. They are designed to resist the power of the chemicals. A deep injection well is a special frame waste landfill where the chemical residues are injected on the soil so that not to penetrate more from the environment and to the atmosphere. While a waste treatment plant treats the chemicals that change magnitude the impact of hazards of the chemicals. They used methods and even chemicals to in order for the hazardous chemical power be minimized. While an in cinerators burned chemicals in a combustion chambers. all told these methods are almost perfect because they are designed by engineers to minimize the effects of hazardous chemicals.But somewhat they have drawbacks. If people who operate this kind of methods did not operate well and accurate, they are big chances that the community leave behind be getting toxic. And this consumes more land that must be used by the people in the community. (Network, 2005) The most practical way to response to this problem is to locate a dumping site or a site that will be building up by the waste treatment plant, deep injection well, or incinerators that is far from a community.In this way, the toxicity of chemicals that can reckon the health of people can be minimized. But the most remedy to this problem is to minimize the use of chemicals that harms the human health as well as the environment. We must seek on the natural ways in preventing pest in our farms. Reference Network, S. W. A. (2005). L andfill. Retrieved February 20, 2007, from http//www. ccthita-swan. org/Tutorials/landfill. cfm

Napoleon Power Essay Example for Free

Napoleon Power EssayFrom 1799 to 1814, Napoleon Bona office staffe was the emperor of France. On November 9, 1799, Napoleon and members of the legislature removed the Directory, dictatorship of five men during the french revolution, from office because the Directory was weak and failed to improve conditions in France. A new paper was formed consolidating Napoleons position and Napoleon was named rootage consul of the republic because of a vastly agreed plebiscite, a one-time vote by all French men, in December 1799. Bonaparte used his domestic policies, great military tactics, and foreign policies to forestall himself in power from 1799-1815. Napoleon established domestic policies in order to maintain order, end civil strife, and gain the popular support he needed in order to keep himself in power. When the Concordat of 1801 was gestural by Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, the pope gained the right for French Catholics to practice their religion and Napoleon gained political powe r in the church. Napoleons disposal paid the clergy, nominated bishops, and exerted influence over the church in France.Additionally, he worked out agreements with elite groups in France in which the groups received favors in return for their firm service to him. Bonaparte granted amnesty to thousands migrs, nobles who fled France during the revolution, because they took a loyalty oath and returned to France. Additionally, members of the returning elite soon occupied numerous high positions in France.In order to gain the support of the middle class Napoleon established the Civil Code or Napoleonic Code in March 1804. The Napoleonic Code included two principles of the revolution equality of all male citizens before the law, and absolute security of wealth and private property. The Napoleonic Code overly took away many rights gained by women during the French revolution. Women relied on either their fathers or their husbands, and they couldnt have bank accounts or construct contrac ts in their own name under the Napoleonic Code. Additionally, since Bonaparte believed in a strong centralized government, he declared himself emperor in 1804. Additionally, Napoleon used military victories to keep himself in power.Napoleon was victorious in war with Austria that ended in 1801 and war with Britain that ended in 1802. Britain and Austria signed a peace treaty at the end of the war that acknowledged an expanded France. Napoleon led his armies to many victories end-to-end Europe, conquering several countries. Napoleons Empire soon became cognise as the Grand Empire. The Grand Empire he had built had three parts. By 1807 France ruled territory that stretched from Portugal to Italy because of Napoleons strong military tactics. The first part of Napoleons Empire was an ever-expanding France, which included Belgium, Holland, parts of northern Italy, and a epochal portion of German territory by 1810.The second part of his empire contained dependent satellite kingdoms. T he third part of Napoleons Empire consisted of the allied independent states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Napoleon strength of foreign policies is another significant factor that kept him in power. Under Napoleon, French armies spread nationalism, pride in ones country, to conquered countries which led to some peasants and middle class people supporting him. through with(predicate) his supporters, Napoleon hoped to stay in power but because his armies lived off the land, plundered local treasuries, requested food, and requested supplies many people in conquered countries disliked him.Additionally, Napoleon disposed of several European rulers from countries he had conquered and gave their thrones to members of his family which were incapable leaders. Since the members of Napoleons family were bad rulers, many members of conquered countries were dissatisfied with his rule. Although Napoleon wasnt able to gratify everyone, his spread of nationalism helped him stay in power.From 1799 to 1815 Napoleon used his foreign policies, great military tactics, and domestic policies to keep himself in power. Napoleons strategies throughout his rule proved that his main goal was to keep himself in power. The domestic policies that Napoleon implemented appeased many of the groups I the country which helped keep him I power. During his rule Napoleon was a brilliant tactician and he defeated armies all over Europe. The strength of Napoleons leadership and the Nationalism that followed made other countries citizens desire to be part of his team which contributed to his success.

How One Film Demonstrates Features Which Can Be Considered as Post-Modern Essay Example for Free

How One Film Demonstrates Features Which Can Be Considered as Post-Modern EssayFilm within the rear-modern genre manifestly illustrates the ideas of post contemporaneity by expressive art. Postmodern can be defined as a genre of art and literature in reaction against principles and practices of established modernism In this essay I will be breaklining the key concepts as well as characteristics that can be found in a post modern exposure. Postmodern cinema contradicts the typical principle of narrative structure and the portrayal of the characters. One consume I believe illustrates these ideologies is Quentin Tarantinos withdraw flesh Fiction. Released when postmodern films were at its peek.Pulp Fiction has to be one of cinemas most iconic films of all time. Due to the uncertainty of the characters and the stylised yet ambiguous reputation of the plot, Pulp fiction is not only to be branded intriguing but likewise a great example of postmodern. Work by theorists much (prenominal) as Fredric Jameson, will be looked at to help with the analysis of the chosen film. By doing so this helps prove that key concepts which are present within the film such as mixture, caustic remark, fragmentation and parody are perceptions that together make up a postmodern film proving that shape fiction is a effectual illustration.The use of pastiche is present throughout the film. Pastiche allows the emergence of differing techniques to form together in order to create a new structure. Replications of re this instantned film makers work has been used in order for an updated equally creative film to be produced. Anything from words, phrases, visual, and musical patterns can be used, by doing so it demonstrates that postmodern film is a combination of a variety of texts, styles and skills. Many theorists have spoken openly about their disproval of pastiche. Theorist Fredric Jameson for example redden goes as far as to refer to pastiche as a dead language.In the boo k Postmodern Culture Fredric Jameson writes about the decline of new art, he writes in a world in which stylistic innovation is no longer possible, all that is left is to imitate dead styles (Jameson,1995 ) Even though plagiarism of honest-to-god plots(Jameson, 1995) occurs in some films it can be argued that by this technique universe used it allows an ingenious reinvention of a classic, to be made. One of the first indications of pastiche in Pulp Fiction takes place in the third scene where Vincent (John Travolta) and Jules (Samuel L. capital of Mississippi) enter the house.When Vincent is directed to the place where the brief brass is, and opens it he is to be met by a bright glow, the scenes shows similar replication to a 1950s film in the film noir genre called kiss me deadly. Where in both films the characters gaze adoringly in to the fact, in Pulp Fiction the question of what it could possibly be is asked, considering the 666 (the mark of the anti-Christ) had to be entere d into the case in order for it to be opened. Referencing to the 1950s is evident in the film, Marcellouss wife Mia is associated with the 1950s quite a lot.The dialogue between Vincent and Mia is reminiscent to what would be said in a 1950s film. This idea is highlighted again when she chooses to go to a 1950s opusd restaurant. The language and the setting breaks away from the usual formatting of the film which up until now consisted of violence. Mia being so much associated with the 1950s is rather ironic as you automatically associate the 1950s and women to be calm and innocent. We soon find this not to be the case as she is soon after shown taking drugs in the bathroom.Another example of pastiche within the film would be when Marcellous got raped. After his traumatic experience he tells Butch that hes going to get his men to work on Zed with a pair of pliers and a blow woolly mullein. A line that was famously taken from the film Charley Varrick. The use of parody is another po stmodern feature that is evident in pulp fiction. identical pastiche parody is also the imitation of a persons previous work. Even though they may seem the same, the two techniques in fact tell apart one another. Parody imitates film through cynicism whilst pastiche emulates true form.According to Jameson the use of parody emphasises a films distinctiveness through mockery, he rightly declares now parody capitalises the uniqueness of these styles and seizes on their idiosyncrasies and eccentricities to produce a imitation which mocks the original (Jameson,1995 ) The sarcastic feeling to situations that can be considered to be serious are ridiculed whilst random partially irrelevant scenes are present at times. This technique easily can be seen as an attack on hi tale however it also can be perceived as a humorous take on a scene or situation of something of importance.According to Linda Hutcheon pastiche commonly has to remain within the same genre as its model, whereas parody a llows for adaptation (Hutcheon1989). Parody allows the script to differentiate away from the original and become a part and imagination of its own, helping create a new meaning to the scene. Parody allows the script to differentiate away from the original and become a voice and vision of its own, helping create a new meaning to the scene. An example of parody is shown in the film is in the scene where Butch is a young boy. He receives a visit from a fri bar of his father who died at war.On first appearances you as the audition not only are intrigued but comical to find out what is going on. What seems to be something of importance is soon dismissed as the soldier goes on to talk about how Butchs have got right was hidden up his and Butchs fathers ass for seven years. Another element which is evident is the exploitation of words and situations being used in order to suggest the opposite of their intended meaning. Pulp Fiction explores this feature in the form of satire. The thr ee types of irony used are irony of fate, oral irony and dramatic irony.Together the three different varieties of irony merge collectively providing a witty script. The scene where the two men in suits (Samuel L. Jackson and John Travolta) approach the door and enters, is a prime example of dramatic irony. This is due to fact that we know something bad is going to take place. The audience knows much than the characters in the film, do us to wonder what will happen next.The sarcastic tone in the conversation Jules is having with one of the victims, too adds to the suspense as his tone is not serious do you mind if I have some of your tasty beverage to wash this down? The dialogue is rather confusing as you immediately think that your interpretation of events must be wrong and once again are left not knowing what is going to happen next. beforehand killing the victim Jules recites a biblical verse The thoroughfare of the righteous man is beset on all sides by the iniquities of th e selfish and the tyranny of roughshod men.Blessed is he who in the name of charity and goodwill shepherds the weak through the valley of darkness, for he is truly his brothers keeper and the finder of lost children. And I will trike down upon thee with great vengeance and furious anger those who attempt to poison and destroy my brothers. And you will know my name is the Lord when I lay my vengeance upon thee (Ezekiel 2517). The irony behind this is that he associates god with assignation. His act has now become justified in a deluded way. Whereas before God was associated with negativity in regards to Jules in the end it was the divine intervention of God that also relieve him from the life of violence. Jules epiphany came when he was close to death it was this same epiphany that saved the thieves in the diner at the end.An example of irony of fate would have to be when Butch runs into Marcellous at the traffic lights. This is ironic as Butch escapes being killed due to Marcello us putting out a warrant for him. The scene continues to show irony as the two of them end up being put in a compromising situation in which they end up needing the help of the other for their own survival. Marvins death in the car is an additional case of irony of fate. He ends up being shot accidentally minutes after his life was spared. This is tragic as in Marvins case he was killed due to being at the wrong place at the wrong time.The complex nature of the film means that pulp fiction contains multiple storylines making it a story within a story. This fragmented form deliberately discontinuous narrativesto suggest the fragmentation and breaks-up of formerly accepted systems of thought and belief (Tim Woods, 1999). This special(a) feature is vital and takes place through out. The mergence from one thing into the next forces those watching to construct and figure out the story for themselves. Fragmentation has a documentary role of importance in Pulp fiction as the distorted st oryline enables the audience to have empathy for the characters.The beginning of the film which we later find out is in fact the end, starts off with a mid way conversation between a man and a women. Only seconds into the movie and already the audience is left unsure of what it is they are talking about and what is going on in the scene. After a confusing dialogue between the two muckle which lasts only a few minutes the scene ends with a frozen image of the two of them. Not knowing what is going on is a theme which is explored throughout the film. Like in the first scene the scene following, too starts off with a conversation which has already started okay so tell me again bout the hash bar by doing so again the audience are unaware of what is taking place and feel the need to construct the story for themselves.A different example in the scene Vincent Vega and Marsellus Wallaces wife introduces another character which the film later reveals is one of three protagonist characters B utch. Like the formatting of the other scenes a conversation is already taking place when the scene begins. The scene continues and Vincent and Jules randomly enter wearing t-shirts and shorts. It is only nearer to the end of the film that we find out why they are wearing what they are wearing.As the film draws to an end the first scene in the diner is explained in the last scene. The audience later find out that both Vincent and Jules are in fact present at the robbery. With his new morally correct path in which Jules wants to pursue he spares them their lives even though they had a gun pointed in his face. After an extensive look into postmodern film and the role in which it plays in the formation of film, it is evident that it is these features that make the films what they are, despite it contrasting the conventions of typical film.Borrowing plot lines from other well known sources, the use of sarcasm when imitating art, irony and perplexity are just a few descriptions, you coul d find within this genre. Even though at times these features have been questioned as well as criticised, in the end the final product at times are fascinating, a good example of this theory defiantly lies in the film pulp fiction. Pulp fiction forces the audience not to conform to the conventional ideas of film but instead consider a new way of understanding and agnise film.The concepts effectively add a new type of understanding to a collective of ideologies, allowing the reader to witness many different transitions that occurs within life through the characters. The relation between postmodernism and film has been openly criticised yet applauded by theorists. The lack of originality is the main focal point in regards to the subject with some theorist even referring it to plagiarism. Quentin Tarantino disproves this theory as his work is a prime example of originality and uniqueness that can come out of postmodern film in spite of pastiche, parody, irony and fragmentation being u sed.

Role of Human Resource Management

Role of Human Resource ManagementIntroductionWorkers are strategic and the main resource of an organisation allocating them into the right positions with the roughly productivity outcome is the job of human race resource circumspection (HRM) department. Therefore, one of the significant requirements for an organisation to function well is to have an efficient HRM department. Thus, to create a required HRM, understanding its body structure and its function is necessary as the result, the purpose of this essay is to identify the contribution of HRM activity to organisation in the current economic climate.Section 1 What is HRM ?The term human resource has many different definitions for it such as the personnel department of an organization, dealing with the recruitment, administration, management and training of employees sawed-off as HR. The personnel employed in an organization (CBS Interactive Inc 2010) or The division of a company that is focused on activities relating to empl oyees. These activities normally including recruiting and hiring of new employees, penchant and training of current employees, employee benefits, and retention (BusinessDictionary.com 2010).Likewise, HRM likewise has quite a number of definition like Administrative activities associated with human resources planning, recruitment, selection, orientation, training, appraisal, motivation, remuneration, etc. HRM aims at developing lot through work (BusinessDictionary.com 2010). However, the most suitable and complete one in this essay is Human Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment, management, and providing direction for the people who work in the organization. HRM can in any case be performed by line managers. Human Resource Management is the organizational function that deals with issues cogitate to people such as compensation, hiring, performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee moti vation, communication, administration, and training (About.com Guide 2010).In accordance with those points of view, human resource management works in society to put right people into the right tasks, and make authorized the employees can meet the organisations goals. Humans are the greatest resource of an organisation without them, all championship enterprise functions like communicating through all kinds of media, manage cash transaction or dealing with customers could not be accomplished, or it can be tell that humans and their potential are necessary to drive an organisation. Organisation interpolates continuously affect not only the business but as well the employees. In an organisation, human resource management is responsible for how employees are treated. It is in charge of fetching on people into the organisation, helping them with their work, resolving all the problems arising, and compensating them. In order to tap the organisational productivity, it is important to manage individuals abilities, time, and talents. In general, there might not be an HRM department in small organisations, with fewer than a hundred workers, and line managers forget be responsible. On the other hand, the human resource managers in larger organisation will organise the HRM tasks and report directly to the chief executive officer (CEO).Section 2 The Role of HRM.According to Mullins (2006), the enjoyment of human resources management is to ensure that management deals effectively with everything concerning the people resource of the organisation, people development, and managing the relationships between the management and the employees. Its persona is to play an active role in the process a facilitator- to advocate all the members and ensure that every employees voice and concerns are heard. In addition, HRM makes sure that all plans for changing in conduct will have a sufficient time and resources to take effect especially, to align between the people process es and the goals of the business to create a shared sense of meaning.In strategic management of human resources, develop Human Resource plans and strategies align to the organizations strategic direction, and business strategy. HRM also shoot to provide tools to conduct these strategies and control the processes and systems. The need of the human resources professional in the frequently change is the result of the required effectiveness of the organisation. Both the capability and knowledge of the HR professional to perform successful change strategies make them exceptionally valued. In order to minimize employees dissatisfaction and resistance to change, the knowledge of how to connect the change to the strategic needs of the organisation is significant.In human resource planning, the presbyopic-term/ short-term human resource needs are needed to be determined, and also the area that HR people need and the requirements of jobs. The design of job descriptions and job specificatio ns is based on the outcomes of the job analysis data. For people succeed and contribute in the design of work process systems, the human resource representative people must have a well knowledge about the design. Furthermore, HR is also responsible for tying incentives and rewards to certain positions and roles in order to maximize performance levels.A number of firms believe they are in an environment where workforces with the type of competencies that they need are in short supply. At the same time, it is critical to the success of any people-based strategy to attract and retain the very best people. It is important to structure an environment characterized by the following goals achieving long-term business success, ensuring that the organisations employees feel valued, ensuring a sense of pride of association with the company, ensuring that each employees has the opportunity to reach his/her highest potential in person and professionally, and generating a sense of excitement and fun. All of those goals are important to the HR manager that they have to achieve in an organisation.In article The strategic role of HR, Rene T. Domingo has demonstrated that an effective strategic human resource has equally decision as the companys marketing strategy, hence the HR development should have more strategic roles (Domingo 2003). The strategic human resources main task is to take part in strategic corporation rather than support administration it is more likely taking the initiative than reactive in its rapport with other functional areas. It is more concerned about what the customers need in the future to compete globally. The managers do not wait for direction or complaint they research for the future improvement, and offers proactive solutions and strategic counsel.ConclusionIn summary, Human Resource is no longer a backroom or supporting function. It is in the vanguard of corporation strategy, much like sales and marketing. Its competitiveness is determined and pro vided to an increasing degree. Nevertheless, there is still a long way to go for human resource management to become strategic partners it needs to train itself on agency and program permission to understand what is important to the organisation, and be able to give creative, efficient alternative or solution to organisation issues.ReferenceAbout.com Guide (2010) What Is Human Resource Management online available from http//humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryh/f/hr_management.htm 1 March 2010BusinessDictionary.com (2010) human resource management online available from http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/human- resource-management-HRM.html 1 March 2010BusinessDictionary.com (2010) human resource online available from http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/human-resources.html 1 March 2010Domingo,R. (2003) The strategic role of HR. online available from http//www.rtdonline.com/BMA/GM/1.html 1 March 2010

How Should They Practice CSR Activities Efficiently Commerce Essay

How Should They Practice CSR Activities Efficiently Commerce EssayThe current concentrate on of corporate fond righteousness for corporations is no longer on how they machine CSR activities, but on how should they practice CSR activities efficiently and stiffly (Roberts, 2003). During the last troika decades, more than and more companies, especially the large multinational corporations, have implemented and stria up series of voluntary codes of conduct, formulated sustainability strategies and also announced and implemented environmental annual reports to engage in corporate affectionate responsibilities. Indeed umteen multinational corporations have made efforts to engage in their corporate sociable responsibility by dealing with environmental and tender issues in world(prenominal) tack arrange. However, there is still a gap amongst the desirability of lend twine sustainability in theory and the implementation of sustainability in practice (Bowen et al., 2001 Ander sen Skjoett-Larsen, 2009).In discussing the varied aspects of corporate affable responsibility unmatched issue necessitates to be particularly pointed out that this field of view can non cover e really single aspect of corporate mixer responsibility practices in equipment casualty of definition, application as strong as trouble aspects. After all, corporate genial responsibility cannot be advantageously disentangled from the companys processs. Since CSR is a complex concept and issue, it is embedded inwardly the organisation from top to bottom and also across the global span of operations.This study heighten on the key issues cerebrate to CSR practices in the global confer manacles.Research questions and purposeThis study is going to identify a conceptual framework for mind and analysing CSR practices in global communicate chemical orbits. The purpose of this study is going to address following research questionsUnderstanding corporate social responsibility and fork up chemical chains in the global context.How is corporate social responsibility related to and applied in global supply chains?How atomic number 18 corporate social responsibility activities and practices implemented and managed in a specific chosen multinational corporation- Primark?Structure of this studyChapter two explains the broad literature review on corporate social responsibility and supply chain management. In chapter three, methodology and data collection impart be explained. Chapter four contains a theoretical framework of globalisation, corporate social responsibility as a challenge of lineage line in a global context, supply chain in the globalisation, corporate social responsibility in global supply chains as well as the penurys of implementing CSR practices inside supply chains. And how these concepts argon interrelated will be also discussed in this section. Chapter basketball team will admit empirical findings from a case study-Primark. Chapter six includes analysis of this study. Chapter seven will consist with conclusions, discussions, and limitations of this study as well as the pedantic and practical recommendations. Chapter eight is brinyly followed by a reference list and the appendixes. The overall organize of this study is showing in the Figure 1.Figure 1. The structure of this studyLiterature reviewThe main purpose of this section is going to provide a theoretical framework. It basically identifies the literature achievements and some current social issues that organisations confront with. Firstly, this section is going to explain three different concepts respectively including globalisation, corporate social responsibility and supply chain management. Then this section will explain how the process of globalisation influences the corporate social responsibility and global supply chains. This section is going to summarise the main motivations of implementing CSR practices in the global supply chains. An interrelated relationship mingled with these concepts will also be identify.GlobalisationGlobalisation has be hump a common social phenomenon. Hines and Bruce (2007) provide a commentary of globalisation as the slipway in which merchandises have converged byout the world and the ways in which production poles have shifted geographically to satisfy global consumers. impose (1995, p. 353) also prefaces the definition of globalisation from the economic point of view as the increase internationalisation of the production, distribution and marketing of goods and services. Some faculty member researches argue that unity motivation of globalisation could be the deliberate political decisions (Scherer Palazzo, 2009), supported by technological, social and economic development. The growing cross- area and cross- country transfer of resources in end points of assets, capital as well as k outrightledge, also foster the progress of globalisation (Scherer Palazzo, 2009).Along with globalisation, multilateral agreements and intergovernmental organisations are progressively developed during the last three decades to regulate and maintain growth, stability and a minimum standardised of living in the context of globalisation. The members of these intergovernmental organisations all agree to secure and maintain fair and valet de chambre working conditions in home countries and countries where they have economic relationships with (Crane, Matten Spence, 2008). Although there are many agreements, regulations and intergovernmental organisations, in this section is going to discuss three of them which are close to related to this study, including International fag out Organisation (ILO), General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and also International Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO). The following portion is going to give a brief introduction and description of these multilateral agreements and intergovernmental organisations, identifying their potential to regulate g lobal standards for all nation states as well as multinational corporations.International Labour Organisation (ILO)General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) developed at the end of WWII leads to the breakdown of betray barriers and encourages cross-b stray trade and investments (Scherer Palazzo, 2009).International Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO)International Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO) are non-official, non-profit, professional organisations with a distinctive legal character, focusing on engaging and maintaining public welfare (Crane, Matten Spence, 2008 Clarke, 1998). The main public issues NGOs focus on are human rights, gender discrimination, social welfare, working and living conditions, the environmental issues, agricultural development and so on (Clarke, 1998). NGOs play an important authority in working with national governments, international organisations as well as multinational corporations by using the net work of members to collect information related to specific issues (Ottaway, 2001). Many multinational corporations increasing confront with pressures from NGOs, to govern their behaviours based on various international agreements and codes of conduct. However, empirical studies and reviews suggest a link between corporate social responsibility, NGOs, and organisational performance (Doh Guay, 2004). As long as the multinational corporations believe those codes that NGOs provide could plough uniform standard in their industry, they are spontaneous to obey and agree those codes to gain global first mover competitive advantages which could improve strength and performance as well as build collateral image in the long term. Researches in the role of NGOs in development of global corporate responsibility focus on the increasing growth in NGO influence as well as the involvement of government and corporations (Doh Guay, 2004).Corporate social responsibilityDefinitions of corp orate social responsibilityCorporate social responsibility is a debated subject and study concept in contemporary business and academia. It is also regarded as an important topic for research and worth for study (Burton Goldsby, 2009). Since the beliefs and cognitions about the relationship between corporations and larger society vary with the relevant issues of the day, there is lack of strong consensus on a definition for CSR. The most ordinarily cited definition is described by Archie Carroll (1979) as the social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations that society has of organisations at a given point in time. Whats more, Matten and moonshine (2004) offer further description of CSR as a cluster concept which overlaps with such concepts as business ethics, corporate philanthropy, corporate citizenship, sustainability, and environmental responsibility. It is a high-octane and contestable concept that is embedded in eac h social, political, economic and institutional context.(Crane, Matten Spence, 2008)Maignan and Ferrell (2004) develop a brief overview of conceptualisation of corporate social responsibility by summarising four different perspectives on CSR.The first perspective stated by Maignan and Ferrell (2004) is to view CSR as social obligation. Bowen (1953) states that organisations should take social obligations to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of action which are desirable in harm of the objectives and values of society. Whats more, in the later literatures, Carroll (1979) distinguished social responsibility into a pyramid (Shown in the Figure 2.) with four different layers which are economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. Companies should make profit with obeying the law, as well as act ethically in the business activities. Philanthropic responsibility is about corporate actions in response to societys expectations at the s ame time engaging in promoting goodwill or welfare (Gronvius Lemborg, 2009 Maas, 2010). other perspective of corporate social responsibility is to view as stakeholder obligation (Maignan Ferrell, 2004). Stakeholder trust has a significant impact on the contribution to the long term success of the corporation. It is important for the organisation to take stakeholders interests into account. A stakeholder is defined by Freeman (198446) as any group or individual who can affect, or is affect by, the achievements of organisation objectives. Henriques and Sadorky (1999) identify four main stakeholders of organisations which are organisational stakeholders (including employees, customers, shareholders and suppliers), community stakeholders (including local anaesthetic residents and special interest groups), regulatory stakeholders (such as municipalities, regulatory systems and governments) as well as media stakeholders (Chung, 2005). Basically, the corporation has the responsibility and obligations to meet the rights and interests of all legitimate stakeholders, simultaneously, stakeholders place ethical expectations on business because they have a reciprocal relationship. However, how to balance the competing interests of these stakeholders is a crucial issue to organisations. The corporation has the responsibility for balancing delicately the multiple claims of conflicting stakeholders. However, the complex stakeholder terms make the decision-making process more complicated. It is also a major CSR challenge that companies could face during managing global supply chains.The third perspective mentioned by Maignan and Ferrell (2004) is CSR as ethics driven which implies that CSR practices are driven by the self-interests of a company. However, according to Jones (1995), when CSR is viewed as ethical driven, there is a lack of normative criteria to evaluate whether the business practices and activities should be considered as socially responsible. Thus CSR should be viewed as a self-developed regulatory mechanism based on its own interest independent of stakeholders obligations.The forth perspective stated by Maignan and Ferrell (2004) is that CSR is managerial processes. Under this perspective, Ackerman (1975) identified three main activities of corporate social responsiveness including monitoring and assessing environmental conditions, attending to stakeholder demands, designing plans and policies aimed at enhancing the firms positive impacts. Whats more Wartick and Cochran (1985) as well as Wood (1991) pointed out that issues management and environmental assessment could contribute to achieve a proactive social responsibility stance.Figure 2. Carrolls (1991) pyramid of corporate social responsibilityBy summarising the literatures of corporate social responsibility, there are two main characteristics of corporate social responsibility (Maas, 2010 Andersen Skjoett-Larsen, 2009 Crane, Matten Spence, 2008). The first one is the voluntary a ctivities of companies in the realm of social and environmental issues that go beyond the law. Corporate social responsibility offers a more voluntary approach to address the role of corporations in society and manage externalities coherently, comprehensively and professionally. Another core characteristic is the relationship between business and larger society. Corporate social responsibility includes a wider status of interests and impacts of different stakeholders rather than solely shareholders. The group of stakeholders and interest groups include customers, suppliers, employees, NGOS, the local community re beatives, etc. The evaluation of capabilities and competences of companies is not just limited in a matter of making profits.Corporate social responsibility a global challengeIn a global context of corporate social responsibility, the literature on the study concept, both academic and practitioner, is wide and considerably large (Crane, Matten Spence, 2008). Various inte rnational institutions have set up guidelines and standards to make sure companies stick to certain rules of conducts. Corporations pursue growth and market share through globalisation, they have confronted with several challenges that may limit the ability of gaining potential profits and organisational growth. These challenges may come from government regulations, environmental restrictions, tariffs and trade barriers. Crane, Matten and Spence (2008) conclude three main challenges for CSR in a global context.The first one is building new social capacities. In a global context of corporate social responsibility, the social meaning and definition differ in different regions of the globe. Thus, managing corporate social responsibility is not just enforced by the companies themselves and the legal framework issued by national government, it is also essential to consider and acknowledge the specific global standards and regional authentic circumstances in which corporations practice and manage CSR. This current issue requires companies establish new roles or even found new operational department beyond their handed-down expertise to develop partnerships with NGOs and local governments to address these issues.The second challenge mentioned by Crane, Matten and Spence (2008) is the involvement in rule-making. Under the nature of global governance, in a certain extent, corporations are involved in setting the rules of trade agreements, standardisation efforts as well as economic agreements. The participation in rule-making process makes corporations become the rule-maker as well as the rule-taker which could better implement and observe the regulations and standards they have agreed upon.The third challenge for CSR is broader accountability (Crane, Matten Spence, 2008). The accountabilities of CSR involve human rights, health electric charge and education, global poverty and environmental issues such as global warming. At the global level, the accountabilities of CSR become more complex, broader and delicate. As mentioned above, it cannot merely focus on the local social and environmental issues, corporations also have responsibility and obligation on the countries they have economic relations with.However, more and more companies see corporate social responsibility as an opportunity rather than a threat in the global context, in order to increase market share, innovative power and employee motivation as well as hail advantages, Corporate social responsibility in a global context is no longer only on the agenda of large, multinational corporations, some small and medium enterprises which are involved in the network of international suppliers and customers also hold accountable for certain activities within the supply chains (Cramer, 2006).The way in which CSR is institutionalised, harmonised and practiced in the global context is fluctuating.Review of different motivations for CSRSupply chain managementHandfield and Nichols (1999) prese nt a definition and description of supply chain as the supply chain encompasses all activities associated with the flow and transformation of goods from the raw material stage through to the end-user, as well as the associated information flows. Material and information flow both up and down the supply chain. Supply chain management (SCM) is the integrating of these activities through improved supply chain relationships to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage (Handfield Nichols, 1999, p.2 Cited in ). The supply chain management consists with various dependent activities from sourcing and purchasing, production, distribution and transportation as well as sales that operate and manufacture in both the developing and developed countries around the globe (Chung, 2005) , as shown in the Figure 3.Figure 3. Key activities in the supply chain management cycle (Chung, 2005) QQ20120820202923.pngThroughout the 1970s and 1980s, the practice journals in the apparel sector developed th e term pipeline to explain the whole process of raw materials through manufacturing processes to the final customer (KSA, 1987 Hunter, 1990 Hunter et al., 1993 Hunter and Valentino, 1995 Hines, 2007). More recently, demand chains and value networks (Hines, 2007) are used to describe supply chains which emphases the role of customers and adopts the trend of rapid changing customer demands. Figure 4 shows the supply chain process cycles.Figure 4. Supply chain process cycles (Hines, 2004 Cited in Hines Bruce, 2007)There are numbers of different perspectives on the development of the concept of supply chain management. Based on the analysis of Hines (2007), there are mainly four perspectives of managing supply chains. First one is to focus on improving productivity internally of supply chain management. The second perspective extends the first concern with productivity to improve operations. The third wave, which was developed in the transport and distribution literature and now is syn thesised in the logistics literature, mainly concerned with moving goods efficiently. The forth and latest perspective emphases the important role played by customers within the demand chain. The development of supply chain increases the complexity and flexibility requiring organisations to deal with. During the last decades, active responsiveness to the supply chain has is becoming more and more important. Table 1 shows the main shift in analytic focus of supply chain over time (Hines Bruce, 2007).Table 1. Analytic focusFrom (pre-1990)To (post-1990 to present)Predominantly internal focus trading operations (Internal efficiency)Exchange/transactional focusFunctional processes (silo mentality?)Cost efficiency (inputs/outputs)Physical processesProduct role (only major concern)Simple (e.g. dynamic structures and relationships)Traditional linear supply chainsInventory managementPredominantly external (dyadic, chain, network)Strategies (external market orientation)Relationship/structur e focusIntegrationValue added (outputs/inputs)Financial, informational and virtual processesService quality and derive quality approachesComplex structures (e.g. networks)Digital supply chains (value nets)Information and customer serviceSource Hines, 2004, Purchasing and supply chain literature from 1930s to present day (Cited in Hines Bruce, 2007).Until recently, most of the literatures and practice of supply chain management emphases on issues that relate to cost-efficiency of supply chains, relationships with supply chain partners, supply chain strategies, customer services as well as different types of supply chains. However, the increasing sourcing organisational activities and building partnership in developing countries as well as the increasing concern about environmental and social issues has led new social concepts which is normally recognised as sustainable supply chains, aiming at improving and protect the companies and employees within the supply networks. The focus o f sustainable supply is not only on the local optimisation of environmental factors, but also on the consideration of the entire supply chain processes. During the last decade, the study concept of supply chain sustainability has been received great interest in both academia and the practitioners (Hassini, Surti Searcy, 2012). Since companies are suffering great pressures from various stakeholders, particularly from government regulators, non-government organisations (NGOs), as well as the global competition, a large number of companies have engaged in the commitment to corporate social responsibility practices. Hassini, Surti and Searcy (2012) provide a definition about sustainable supply chain management by summarising different academic and social concepts including business sustainability (Crane Matten, 2007) and the triple bottom line (Elkington, 1997), as the management of supply chain operations, resources, information, and funds in order to maximise the supply chain profi tability while at the same time minimising the environmental impacts and maximising the social well-being. These definition emphases the importance of balancing and satisfying conflicting interests of multiple stakeholders.By analysing and summaries the literatures on the supply chain management and sustainable supply chains, there is a lack of appropriate and systematic performance measures and framework for supply chains which makes it difficult to evaluating the sustainability initiatives in supply chain management (Lehtinen Ahola, 2010 Hassini, Surti Searcy, 2012).The internationalisation of supply chainsThe process of globalisation creates competitive pressures for vesture and textile producers to search for ways to lower production be, especially for the fast fashion, which is required quick respond to customer demands, high seasonal variation and creative design. Organisations improve and take efficiency measures from internal to a single organisation or network of organi sations locked in a continuous supply chain. The second way that organisations to lower their production costs is to search lower cost sources of supply throughout the globe in order to find locations where conditions are more favourable than in the home market (Hines and Bruce, 2007). This process will create the global supply chains.Under conditions of globalisation, products are no longer manufactured and produced in just one country, but knowing and produced in different production sites in various locations around the world which is a result of global investment (Homann, Koslowski Luetge, 2007). Globalisation has two facets which are globalisation of production and globalisation of markets, which means globalisation is present at the production stage as well as the retail stage. Primary products are increasingly manufactured in different production sites around the globe to benefit from lower labour costs, raw materials as well as the lower cost of transportation, which could increase the degree of divergence of labour. Homann, Koslowski and Luetge (2007) illustrate that division of labour could take place when manufacturers of primary products at different locations. Globalisation accelerates the process of international division of labour both in vertical integration and in the supply chain.Apparel manufacture is one of the areas that globalisation has offered significant cost reduction opportunities, overdue to high labour content and cost- effective to transport. As a result of globalisation, both multinational companies and local manufacturers in the apparel industry have benefited staggeringly from cost reduction. Based on the statement of Cramer (2006), the globalisation of supply chains has led to heavy social criticism, especially when companies using child labour or working in countries that violate fundamental human rights, which damages companies reputation. During the last decade, one of the key business trends resulted by globalisation i s the outsourcing key business and operation activities to suppliers and subcontractors. Based on the description of GEMI (2001), this trend has made certain suppliers more critical, extends liability throughout the lifecycle, and the result is a significant shift of corporate environmental, health and safety risks and opportunities off site As a consequence, some of those business risks and opportunities may become Procurements responsibility (Cited in Roberts, 2003)Based on the statement of Dicken (1998, p. 283), the textiles and clothing industries are the first manufacturing industries which are shifted by globalisation. The phenomenon of globalisation has shaped the structure, strategies and consequences in the textile and clothing industries. Global shifts in these industries also increase the trade tensions between developed and developing world (Hines Bruce, 2007). During the last three decades, many corporations restructure organisations and outsource many functional and t raditional activities to the companies in the developing countries. Efficient and effective supply chains are essential to manage customer demand and brand operations, especially for the high-changeable fashion and apparel industry. The reasons that organisations pay attention on the supply chain management are due to the trend of globalisation, the reducing time of pushing into the market, as well as the rising standard of customer demands. globalisation has significantly changed the international market. Traditional supply chain is moving to the direction of the development of the globally integrated supply chain, becoming a cross-functional and cross-regional supply chain. sustainable supply chain management plays an important role in maintaining brand integrity, ensuring business continuity and controlling operating costs. The main purpose to promote sustainable supply chain is to build long-term environmental, social and economic value. By continuing construction of the supply chain, companies could protect their long-term capabilities. The process of globalisation is one major reason of increasing reliance of corporations on suppliers and sub-suppliers (Welford, 2002). Thus the supply chain is more and more complex and international. This is what makes global supply chains within fashion markets and fashion marketing worth to study.The traditional supply chain management (SCM) is the process of the business operations in terms of supply chain planning, execution and control in order to maximise its efficiency. In general, the whole process of supply chain management could range from raw material acquisition, components, manufacture, logistics, quality services to pre-retail services including labelling and packaging (Hines Bruce, 2007). In order to reduce costs and improve efficiency, most of modern multinational corporations choose supply chain outsourcing services, namely, as the identity of the buyers chooses the most cost-effective suppliers (inclu ding foundries and logistics companies, etc.) to complete their production as well as enhance the marginal benefit. However, to maximise the efficiency as a prerequisite, the traditional supply chain management ignores the social and environmental factors, and therefore in the past decades, corporate social responsibility in supply chain management became a new management philosophy in many organisations. Therefore how to better manage the supply chain performance and enhance their capacity is very worthy of study.Many well-known multinational enterprises, taking the cost of production into account, come to the Asian countries like China, India, etc., to corporate with local companies to manufacture their products. Since the majority of suppliers in developing countries are labour-intensive enterprises, and the relevant enforcement of laws and regulations needs to be improved, therefore working conditions are unsatisfactory. Frequent overtime, unpaid wages, under minimum wage standa rd happen consistently. Along with media exposure and NGOs fierce criticism of sweatshops in especially Europe and the United States as well as other countries, multinational enterprises are beginning to require suppliers to comply with the Code of Conduct (CoC) and the relevant laws and regulations in the location of the suppliers (environmental protection law, labour law, etc.) to conduct the labour and environmental requirements and policies. Subsequently a lot of industrial standards, such as the garment industry, WRAP, EICC of electronic industry, the ICTI of the toy industry, and chemical industrys Responsible Care. In order to ensure the performance of suppliers in terms of labour and environment performance, internal staff or third-party would be sent to the supplier factories for review and evaluation. If the quality and feature of products are dissatisfaction, the suppliers will be asked to provide assistance to make improvements or even cancel the order.Corporate social r esponsibility in supply chain managementFor suppliers, the meaning and definition of CSR is comparatively narrow, is merely about how to meet customers needs, achieve social and environmental compliance, such as timely payment of wages, make sure working hours, in order to maintain operational order and ensure efficiency and effectiveness. CSR for the majority of suppliers is only about law-abiding, however, they do not properly understand the benefits of the implementation of CSR, and thus they just implement the so-called CSR improvement involuntarily.Despite the long history of CSR, applications of CSR concepts to supply chain management have only emerged in the last few years. sustainable supply chain management is about management of supply chains where all the three dimensions of sustainability, in terms of the economic, environmental and social sustainability, are taken into account. Supply chain relationships have a critical impact in a global world. In order to advantage f rom low labour wages, more and more companies frequently outsource part of or even whole business activities to companies in developing countries. When sustainable SCM principles are adopted, the companies are accountable for the social and environmental impacts along the supply chain, and are compelled to integrate ecological and social aspects into their decisions and actions along their supply chains. When supply chain relationships involve developing countries, companies also need to take responsibility for the well-being and performance of small upstream producers that work in those countries. The Figure 5 shows some CSR issues that companies may confront with in managing their global supply chains.Figure 5. Examples of CSR issues in supply chains (Neergaard and Pedersen, 2005, p. 103 Cited in Pedersen Andersen, 2006)Therefore, helping supplier social responsibility should focus on how to make suppliers understand the business value of CSR, how to reflect the return on invest

Annette Lareau: Annotated Bibliography

Annette L atomic number 18au Annotated BibliographyCritical Annotated Bibliography of key texts foc single-valued functiond onAnnette Lareaus reserachSocial researchers have stressed the importance of fellow feeling the favorable stratification and its impact on children and parents as a whole (Lareau A, 1999). Annette Lareau is a professor of Sociology at University of Pennsylvania. She achieved her PhD in Sociology from University of California, Berkley. Her ground- breaking research involves, investigating questions uniform the catch of societal stratification on families. She has done substantial fieldwork examining the lives of Ameri nookie pack.She has focused on the impact of societal structural forces, parenting styles like concerted cultivation, educational inequalities and if they participate towards shaping lively aspects of childrens lives. She has written many books and articles stressing on how mob can make or break families present and rising. Her work contri butes to broaden our catch towards the soma system.The body of Annette Lareaus work that I have chosen assesses vital issues in American society, which make children, parents and families as a whole. It discusses vital issues like the business office of ground level system in core caste, operative degree and poor families in raising their children, their daily lives, varying parenting styles and their employment in childrens present and future prospects.Lareau, A., 2011. Unequal childhoods Class, race, and family life. University of California Press.Annette Lareaus book Unequal Childhoods with an update a decade later is a step forward in comprehending the importance of learning and fellow feeling the impact of distinguish system on family lives and parenting styles in African American and exsanguine families and is an excellent effort to fill in the gap in germane(predicate) research studies. She investigated how parental practices differ among White, B pretermit, la y clear up, on the job(p) class and poor families and the role it plays in shaping childrens future conclusively. Annette instaled that class system plays a vital role in American families lives and uncovered the practices involved in reproduction of inequalities in the society.The originator performed in-depth studies with 12 varied families using participant observation as her registering procession providing detailed information about the families. Children participating in the take in were aged 9-10 years old. As part of the research, the pen with the support of her assistants spend about one month with the families and gathered detailed information about them. The research involved following the participants to afterschool activities, doctors ascertain and dog-tired time at their homes.A key point that Lareaus ethnographic study showed is a particular parenting approach called concerted cultivation. While visiting participant families, she observed that Black and Wh ite shopping centre class families are very(prenominal) frequently involved in facilitating their children to achieve their goals. They shape up, inspire and monitor their childrens academic achievements and play an active role in their lives. These parents were of all time interested in listening to their childrens voice and did not discourage them to show their opinions. As a result, these children became more confident in speaking their minds, which helped them to develop their boilers suit confidence, self-esteem and development. In contrast, the elevation style of children belonging to operative class and poor families in both Black and Whitefamilies were limited due to lack of resources. They relied on schools to take care of their children and gave their children extra time to play. She contrasted these two parenting approaches and discovered that both of these parenting styles were beneficial, but children belonging to nub class were more successful in schools. She a rgues that African American families face racial discrimination in many areas e.g. employment and live in racially segregated neighbourhoods but interestingly, White and African-American middle class families follow the said(prenominal) parenting style and there was no observation of racial discrimination.An exclusive point that Lareau observed was the conversational differences between parents and children e.g. children from middle class families were mostly involved in engaging conversations with adults, which helped these children to gain confidence. Whereas, the parents of children from working and poor families showed authority and the children mostly showed compliance and rarely participated in engaging conversations with adults. These differences show how middle class children acquire confidence and grasp the ability to demand whereas working class children are not very demanding.In conclusion, this study showed that class matters more than race but provided limited discuss ion on the impact of race in childrens lives and their future and lacks the information on the role of exited families in middle class teenage adults. Lareau recognises that there is a gap in studying the effects of class in childrens lives, positive parenting strategies and inequality due to class and therefore calls for in-depth research in this field.Lareau has performed a review on her study by visiting the families again. Children involved in the study are now young adults. She interviewed these young adults their siblings and parents. Lareau discovered that the importance of social class, she had observed when these children were younger (10yrs) old developed with time. Middle class parents kept playing an active role in their childrens lives despite them moving away from their homes. These young adults continued seeking parents guidance. Their parents were massively involved in handling situations to increase their growth potential.On the contrary, parents belonging to work ing class and poor families considered their children now grown ups and the young adults agreed to this view. Extended families play an chief(prenominal) role in shaping children belonging to working class and poor family children.In conclusion, middle class children accomplished more educational achievements than the working class and poor family kids. Parenting styles shape childrens lives as they grow into young adults to arrive at them for independent successful lives. Overall, an excellent and edify study.Lareau, A., 2002. Invisible inequality Social class and childrearing in black families and white families. American sociological review, pp.747-776.This research studies the effects of social class, culture, race and their interaction by investigating the function and contribution of social class system in children ages of 7-10 years old. using an ethnographic data, Lareau aims to study the associations and connections among Black and White parents, their children and dist inctions in childrearing techniques. She found that class differences are more noticeable than racial differences and that parenting styles are a way to reproduce class-based advantages. Lareau compares two variant parenting approaches to learn and report their benefits and disadvantages. Middle class parents encouraged their children to be highly involved in extracurricular activities using a concerted paradigm to elicit and develop their talents and capabilities. On the contrary, working class parents used the childrearing method called accomplishment of natural growth paradigm. This method involves providing, love and care for the children, giving them a stripe of freedom and unregulated recreation time and space.As a result, Lareau observed that middle class children found it easy to adapt to the school environment, as they followed the same expectations and structured activities at home. These parents encouraged, praised and respected their childrens wishes and these positiv e elements were an ongoing feature of middle class families.Lareau argues that the range of activities influence family lives. The importance of structured activities results in weak family and social bonds. The author points out that as middle class children were so busy participating in after school activities they barely had any time to visit their extended families. However, this study involved limited discussion about childrens relationship with extended families e.g. grandparents. some other important point that Laruea raised in this research is the use of language. She observed that middle class children engaged in healthy discussions with their parents and other professionals whereas, working class and poor families did not involve in continued discussions a great deal with their parents. All parents and children were involved in having conversations with professionals, but middle class children were more skilful in holding conversations with others. The study shows that so cioeconomic status can influence social connections. Children from working and poor family background has a wider range of social connections in compare to the middle class children. The author showed, that race does not wait to have a great impact in shaping childrens lives. Although Black parents were increasingly worried about their childrens lives outside due to racial problems.In conclusion, this is an enlightening ethnographical study, with expressive and illuminative data, but as it is concentrated on a small sample therefore it is very difficult to generalise the results to public.Lareau, A., 2000. Social class and the daily lives of children, A study from the United States. Childhood, 7(2), pp.155-171.Laurae strived to explore the social class differences by designing and performing a detailed and comprehensive study in comparison to studies performed in the past where childrens research was limited to the contexts of schools and families. Childrens out of school activitie s have a significant influence on middle class parents lives. The author provides a detailed account of how parents felt when they had to make time to take their children to participate in out of school activities.This article aims to investigate the function of social class in moulding and forming daily lives of children. This study discusses three main issues, what shapes childhood, rhythm and pace of life and to what extent parents and childrens lives interact with each other. The author salt away detailed ethnographic data of children aged 7-10 years old. Eighty children participated in this study from African American or White families over the period of 3 years. The author aimed to observe the associations between children and parents in their daily lives. The study took place in North-eastern metropolis and Midwestern community in a white working class neighbourhood. The study involved interviews from all mothers and most fathers and childrens classroom observations. While o bserving children from middle and working class families, Lareau found that their lives are very different from each other. Middle class boys occupied themselves in structured activities arranged by their parents/carers and focused on developing new skills. Whereas, working class boys spent their time participating in informal activities e.g. free play, visiting kin and decreaseing out. Working class boys were much more social then middle class boys. She revealed that both parenting approaches has benefits and drawbacks. This research-studied boy in more detail than girls and some gender differences were observed e.g. girls were encouraged to participate in gymnastics rather than football. The author states that covering aspects of race, gender and class can also show us if there is any link between these categories.The research reports that African American people has a fear of being subject to discrimination from White people and encouraged their children to be friends with black children which confirms the racial inequalities in the society.The result showed that children from middle class families spent time in structured activities organised by adults. The foundations of these activities are skill development and public performances, which may result in knowledge enhancement. The structures of these activities were very similar to school activities therefore, attending school was a similar but not exclusive experience for these middle children. Observing the working class children shows a different picture. These children do not follow a structural system in their lives they do find organised and structured activities somewhat difficult. They liked to hang out and visit their extended families. Lareau claims that race does not play a sufficient role but the role of class differences are clear in the daily lives of children.Overall, this is a fantastic detailed ethnographical study, which uses only a small sample of participants from limited sides of comm unity and the author did not mention the methods employ to realise the collected data set.Weininger, E.B., Lareau, A. and Conley, D., 2015. What Money Does not barter for Class Resources and Childrens Participation in Organized Extracurricular Activities. Social Forces, 94(2), pp.479-503.In this study Lareau et al, aimed to examine an important question of significance, which is class position in the society and its effects on childrens lives. In the past researchers have concentrated on family resources and school characteristics. The authors stepped up this research by moving towards how children spent their time in after school activities and whether race and class differences influence childrens lives. They concentrated on the belief that middle class parents involvement in their childrens lives encourages them to participate in structured afterschool activities, which consequently leads to future success.This research deployed a large national data set to go bad the influen ce of class. The sample is restricted to Black and White children. The children participated in this study were only chosen from private or public schools. The author occupied longitudinal survey data and time diaries collected in 2002-2003 in order to get comprehensive list of childrens activities within the course of 24-hour periods.Lareau et al aimed to investigate class differences and stated that parents from all social groups consider childrens participation in extracurricular activities vital, but some parents face challenges and constraints for example transportation or lack of time. Another key point that they revealed in this study is that parents approaches to childrearing are different due to social class. Middle class parents practice concerted cultivation parenting style and encourage their children to participate in after school activities to support them to enhance their academic and career goals and aspirations. Observing the working class and poor families reveale d that they prioritise their focus on their childrens protection and let them participate in informal play and fall in them space. The study-employed good confound control to get robust results.The Lareau et al argues that average American children are spending approximately 4 hours weekly engaging in extracurricular activities, but children from middle class engage in a commode more activities. Their mothers are more educated and they have resources to support their children to participate in more extracurricular activities. The study showed that childrens engagement in extracurricular activities are related to positive results in education and employment. The authors explored the question, whether it is just the class inequalities, which differentiates families decision for their children to participate in extracurricular activities or is there a link with ethnical values, as well?The authors identifies that socioeconomic status of families has a direct impact on how children sp end their time after school. Due to high expenditures childrens participation in afterschool activities varied for e.g. people living in small cities and rural areas spent less money on childrens extracurricular activities less than families living in large cities. The results of this study states that it is not just the materialistic resources, which matters maternal education, demographic characteristics e.g., gender, age, race other factors like work, labour market and cultural aspects they are all important. The study does not discuss whether atypical childrens participation in extracurricular activities was any different from typically developing children. The study is restricted to Black and White American families.The study reveals that socioeconomic status matters, but just removing these barriers is not a guarantee that children will enrol in extracurricular activities. Cultural aspects also influences how much time and money parents spend on children to participate in the se activities.Weininger, E.B. and Lareau, A., 2009. Paradoxical pathways An ethnographic extension of Kohns findings on class and childrearing. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(3), pp.680-695.Class office is a vital topic of research in family studies. A few studies have focused on its influence on family lives. Reflecting on detailed interviews the authors aimed to extend Melvin Kohns study on childrearing standards by investigating parental responsibilities to autonomy and conformity.The study provided effective theoretical and empirical background of Melvin Kohns research studies on social stratification. Using a secondary data, which involved 88 children aged 8-10 years old selected randomly. The participants were children from two elementary school classrooms. The study-involved even number of American Black and White children but only involved a small number of Hispanics and Asians. Although, it would have been useful to employ even number of all races as Hispanics and Asia ns are important part of American society.Lareau et al found that parents from middle class families encouraged their children to have self-control and self-direction and the results are consistent with Kohns research. It is difficult to conclude a general connection between class, self-direction and conformityThe author raised the issue of variation in parental values on extracurricular activities for children. The author observed variation in values across different economic class of the families. Middle class families were keen to expose their children to successful life chances and options while keeping them under supervision, which enhanced childrens self-esteem, self-confidence, self-worth and helped them to do well in their present and future. Working and poor class families on the other hand did not give much importance to send their children for leisure activities. They used their resources to provide and protect their children and they let their children develop naturally . The study shows a complicated picture of child rearing and emphasizes the need to understand parental values and parental behaviours in detail. It will be a step forward to continue to study the influence of social stratification on families.Conclusion Annette Lareau has contributed immensely in the field of sociology. She has ingrained herself researching American families in order to investigate how social inequality continue to puzzle itself and is passed on generation after generation. The key texts are current and are grounded in sociology and psychology. The common thread in these studies are the impact of class and the role of parenting in childrens lives.There are commonalities among the texts such as middle class parents use concerted parenting styles by providing opportunities, supervised learning experiences to their children for their best interest, and do well. She has worked spartan with American, families to show how class differences and children rearing techniqu es differ from working class to middle class and poor families and the impact of these differences on childrens future prospects. She showed that parenting is not as wide-eyed as saying that bad parents raise their children ineffectively and good parents raise children who are successful in their lives. It is much more complex.While investigating the class inequalities in American families Lareau study regarding working-class families is very influential. Her research with working class reveals that class reflects cultural and economic variations. Lareaus approaches of researching with children and families are very ambitious and effective. She employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches in her research for the results to be robust. Her research helps us to understand the effects of class and race on children in middle, working and poor class families.These studies show new light to sociologists, social scientists, and anthropologists, a new direction towards learning how race, culture and parenting fuse together and play a role in shaping childrens lives. The author identifies the importance of both parenting styles but the author does not describe which one is more effective, when it interacts with race. These studies raise an important question. Do middle class parents work harder in supporting their children in school and teach them how to deal with racism than working and poor families? Race and class inequalities can make childrens lives much more difficult and their future insecure. Social scientists can carry her research forward by focusing on which parental approach is more beneficial for children and how class and race interacts.BibliographyLareau, A., 2011. Unequal childhoods Class, race, and family life. Univ of California Press.Lareau, A., 2002. Invisible inequality Social class and childrearing in black families and white families. American sociological review, pp.747-776.Lareau, A., 2000. Social class and the daily lives of children, A study from the United States. Childhood, 7(2), pp.155-171.Lareau, A. and Horvat, E.M., 1999. Moments of social inclusion and exclusion race, class, and cultural capital in family-school relationships. Sociology of education, pp.37-53.Weininger, E.B., Lareau, A. and Conley, D., 2015. What Money Does not buy Class Resources and Childrens Participation in Organized Extracurricular Activities. Social Forces, 94(2), pp.479-503.Weininger, E.B., and Lareau, A., 2009. Paradoxical pathways An ethnographic extension of Kohns findings on class and childrearing. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(3), pp.680-695.http//currents.ucsc.edu/05-06/11-28/lareau.aspEducation and stratification in create Countries A Review of Theories and ResearchAnnual Review of SociologyVol.271-504 (Volume publication date August 2001) DOI 10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.77Education and Stratification in Developing Countries A Review of Theories and ResearchAnnual Review of SociologyVol.271-504 (Volume publication date A ugust 2001) DOI 10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.77

Analysis of William Wordsworths Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tinte

Analysis of William Wordsworths Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern AbbeyWilliam Wordsworth numbers Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey was included as the last item in his Lyrical Ballads. The general meaning of the poem relates to his having lost the inspiration nature provided him in childhood. Nature seems to have made Wordsworth gentleman.The logical implication of the abbey is Wordsworths love of nature. Tintern Abbey representes a safe haven for Wordsworth that perhaps symbolizes a everlasting connection that man ordain share with its surroundings. Wordsworth would also remember it for bringing come out of the closet the part of him that makes him a A worshipper of Nature (Line 153).Five different situations are suggested in Lines each divided into separate sections. The first section details the landscape somewhat the abbey, as Wordsworth remembers it from five years ago. The second section describes the five-year lapse between visits to the abbey, durin g which he has thought often of his experience there. The third section specifies Wordsworths attempt to drill nature to see inside his inner self. The fourth section shows Wordsworth exerting his efforts from the preceding stanza to the landscape, discovering and remembering the refined state of mind the abbey provided him with. In the final section, Wordsworth searches for a sum by which he can carry the experiences with him and maintain himself and his love for nature. . In the first stanza, Wordsworth lets you know he is seeing the abbey for a second time by using phrases such as again I hear, again do I behold, and again I see. He describes the natural landscape as same(predicate) and he describes it in descending order of importance beginning with with the lofty cliffs (Line 5) dominantly overlooking the abbey. After the cliffs comes the river, , then the forests, and hedgerows of the cottages that once surrounded the abbey but have since been abandoned. After the cottages, is the floater hermit who sits alone in his cave, perhaps symbolizing the effects being away from the abbey has had on Wordsworth. Wordsworth professes to sensations sweet / Felt in the blood, and felt along the soreness (lines 28-29) which the memories of nature can inspire when he is lonely, just as the hermit is lonely. Wordsworth desires nature only because of his separateness, and the more isolated he feels the mor... ...ame more involved with human concerns. He has become more thoughtful and sees nature in the light of those thoughts. He has traded the boundless energy for maturity and the still, sad music of humanity (line 92).Wordsworth ends the poem with the fifth stanza, a farewell to the abbey and the inspiration it has given him. He realizes that there may come a time when he may no weeklong be able to inspire himself with life-changing situations, and that he will not be able to run back to Tintern Abbey to find himself again. He does what he can, though. He will a lso be able to rely on his sister, who shared these experiences with him and in whose voice I catch the language of my former heart, and read my former pleasures in the shooting lights of thy wild eyes (lines 117-120). Eventually even these may fail him, and in the closing lines of the poem he consoles himself that he and his sister will be able to look back fondly and at least remember their shared time together. Works CitedWordsworth, William. Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The Norton Anthology of position Literature. 6th ed. Vol. 2. M. H. Abrams Gen. ed. New York, London Norton. 2 vols. 1993.